Evolutionary Roots of Deception: Book Review

Evolutionary Roots of Deception: Book Review Loredana Lenghel Deception – Evolution’s Hidden Agenda â€Å"Deceit is the Cinderella of human nature† (2004, p.2) says David Livingstone Smith in his book â€Å"Why We Lie, The Evolutionary Roots of Deception and the Unconscious Mind†. The author tries to show, through several examples and intriguing connections, that lying is an evolutionary adaptation which allowed the human species to thrive. He argues that â€Å"Deceit () is essential to humanity but disowned by perpetrators at every turn† (2004, p.2). The book proves to be an ambitious try at showing that deception is an intrinsic part of cognition; that it comes naturally to all humans. Even more spectacular is his try to convince us that deception is controlled by the unconscious mind, thus allowing for self-manipulation. For this purpose, Smith uses The Machiavellian Mind Theory arguing that humans’ extra Intelligence allows them to overcome primal needs, thus being advantageous for social manipulation. The author’s aim is to convince the reader that manipulation plays a central role in the evolution of humans. He argues that in order for our ancestors to thrive in the ever developing social context and increase their fitness, they were required to come up with ways to mediate social encounters. He starts by showing that everyone is a â€Å"natural-born liar†. From baby monkeys to human infants, from religious myths to children stories, lying is ubiquitous and a part of all cultures. Smith argues that lying does not resume to just words, people also lie with their bodies and actions. Even more intriguing, lying is not always aimed at someone else. He proposes that â€Å"we are equally adept at deceiving ourselves† (2004, p.21). The unconscious is actively trying to conceal information from us through the process of self-deception; an idea not unique to Smith (Chance et al., 2011; Hippel Trivers, 2001). He continues to show that not only humans are â€Å"manipu lators and mind readers†. He gives examples of deception from the animal sphere, from camouflage and mimicry to more sophisticated ways of deception, such as language, he argues that these are proof that deception is an evolutionary advantage. Mind reading, an organism’s ability to predict another’s behaviour, increases its chances of survival, thus acting as an adaptation. It is the driving force behind evolution because â€Å"Mind reading facilitates deception, and deception encourages mind reading† (2004, p.35). In â€Å"The Evolution of Machiavelli† he elaborates on the roots of deception and self-deception. He argues that deception was used by our ancestors to conceal their true intentions. The ones that were superior in this aspect had an edge over others. He presents Nick Humphrey’s papers in which he argues that the race between the best deceiver and the best mind-reader was what gave birth to human intelligence, allowing them to manage the increasing social complexity. This hypothesis is supported by others, who, by looking at the neocortex’s size, brain part involved in relationship mediation, found evidence in support for the social intellect theory (Dunbar, 1992). They argued that the ratio of the neocortex volume is the best predictor of group size. Moreover, Orbell et al. argued that Machiavellian intelligence could have evolved alongside cooperation (Orbell et al., 2004). This idea raises the question whether, as Smith said, unconscious deception would be eve n more beneficial for cooperation and the increase of the human species. His next chapter builds on the idea that self-deception is possible due human mind’s division into unconscious and conscious regions. He argues that the time between the unconscious awareness and conscious perception is what allows the Machiavellian module to act and distort the information. He supports Freud’s idea that â€Å"consciousness had no role in mental processing† (2004, p.97). To portray this intriguing proposition of self-deception being an adaptation, Smith used a creative analogy. He argued that humans are constantly part of a game of â€Å"social poker†. In order to win it, one needs to anticipate the other player’s move by using the mechanisms of deception and mind-reading. To improve their own strategy and avoid being foreseeable, the mechanism of self-deception became an adaptive advantage. By believing the lie themselves, other players could not predict their moves. This analogy shows the benefits of self-deception. That being sai d, some argue that even though there might be short-term psychological benefits, self-deception can come with long-term costs, such as an inaccurate prediction of future performance (Chance et al., 2011) or loss of information integrity which can result in inappropriate action (Hippel Trivers, 2011). The device that allowed for this to happen, he says, was the evolution of language, which ushered the struggle between deception and detection. Language offered an advantage in the social poker game, giving more chances of success to those with this skill. In his view, social exchanges are monitored by the unconscious Machiavellian mind. This module is sensitive to both the conscious and unconscious cues of others because it is the Machiavellian module itself who communicates through unconscious verbal insinuations. He argues that this idea is â€Å"less bizarre than it might at appear† (2004, p.121). Coded communication might have evolved due to the language’s initial purpose, gossip. Concealing information from third parties and exchanging confidences through cheap gossip allowed for secret alliances and a favoured position in the social circle. He affirms that â€Å"For our species, all roads lead to self-deception and thus to unconscious communication† (2004, p.147). At a first look online, it is noticeable that only with the title this book has stirred some controversy. Commentaries stating that the book â€Å"got them hooked† from the beginning were prevailing. The book was generally regarded as an interesting read, but not a piece of strong evidence for its propositions. Pinker (2010) did not view it as an attempt to persuade readers, but rather, as an attempt to recruit researchers into conducting studies to test the theory’s value. Others regarded the book as highly speculative without even considering the â€Å"obvious counterarguments† (Sager, 2004). Sager argued that not even the speculations seem plausible, thus begging the question whether they could even lead to anything more. Dickins (2005), although being less critical, agrees with the general argument that the connection made between the unconscious and deception is questionable. In conclusion, Smith’s book presented itself as a worthwhile read. First catching my attention by not completely disregarding Freud’s theories, and then using it to stir controversy upon human integrity, it undoubtedly offered some food for thought. Even though converting readers into believers of its cause is improbable, the book will make them critically analyse their interactions and looks for the smallest hints of (self)deception. The style of writing and creativity in portraying ideas were an additional bonus to the book’s appeal, raising interest in Smith’s other works. Bibliography Chance, Z., Norton, M. I., Gino, F., Ariely, D. (2011). Temporal View of the Costs and Benefits of Self-Deception. PNAS, 15655-15659. Dickins, T. E. (2005). A Necessary Pain in the Heart. Retrieved March 02, 2014, from Human Nature. Dunbar, R. I. (1992). Neocortex Size as Constraint on Group Size in Primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 469-493. Hippel, W. v., Trivers, R. (2011). The Evolution and Psychology of Self-Deception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1-56. Orbell, J., Morikawa, T., Hartwig, J., Hanley, J., Allen, N. (2004). Machiavellian Intelligence as a Basis for the Evolution of Cooperative Dispositions. American Political Science Review, 1-15. Pinker, S. (2010). The Cognitive Niche: Coeolution of intelligence, sociality, and language. PNAS, 8993-8999. Sager, A. (2004). Review Why We Lie The Evolutionary Roots of Deception and the Unconscious Mind . Retrieved March 02, 2014, from Metapsychology: http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view doc.php?type=bookid=2262 Smith, D. L. (2004). Why We Lie The Evolutionary Roots of Deception and the Unconscious Mind. New York: St. Martins Griffin.

Mgt/521 Swot Analysis

Business Analysis Part 1: Apple Inc. XXXXXX MGT/521 XXXXXX Business Analysis Part 1: Apple Inc. If an investor needs to decide whether to put money into a company, a careful analysis of that business is be the first step in making a decision. It is important to understand several factors that point to a company’s stability: the company’s place in the market, its future prospects, and its financial health, just to name a few. This business analysis will look at Apple Inc. to assess whether it would be a company worth investing in.First a SWOT analysis will be conducted and will identify what aspects of the analysis are most important in making the decision to invest. Secondly, the company’s internal and external stakeholders will be identified and examined, in order to see if the stakeholders’ needs are being met and how. By analyzing these two important overviews of Apple Inc. it will reveal whether the company is a sound home for investment. SWOT Analysis When deciding to invest in a company or not, a shrewd businessperson will begin with planning.Planning is a continuous process that is important because ever-changing markets require constant adjustments of goals and the processes to meet them. Key in planning is including a careful analysis of a company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This type of analysis is known as a SWOT analysis (Nickels, McHugh & McHugh, 2010). A SWOT analysis of Apple Inc. reveals some important facts about its popularity and opportunities in the market. Strengths Apple Inc. ’s most important tool in the market is its ability to leverage its strong brand image.Apple’s product designs are well recognized throughout all markets. This allows new products to rapidly gain a share of the market upon release. Released to the US in April of 2010, the iPad enjoyed unit sales of 7. 5 million, with a net of $5 billion in sales of iPads and related products (Datamonitor: Apple Inc. , 2011). This showcases how quickly the tech market reacts to new releases by the company. This strong brand image has been developed by iconic advertisements that have long set Apple apart in the personal computer market.This began with the company’s 1984 Superbowl ad, which positioned â€Å"IBM as the Orwellian Big Brother of the computer industry† and Mac users as those breaking free from that oppression (Kenney, 2007). This individual vs. corporation image has continued into their more recent advertisements. Benoit and Delbert (2010) analyzed a series of ads that began airing in May 2006. The â€Å"Get a Mac† campaign used actors Justin Long and John Hodgman to portray a Mac and a PC, showcasing Apple computers’ strengths over the market-dominating PC (Benoit & Delbert, 2010).By depicting their computers as easy-to-use, fun-loving and friendly, Apple further solidified its brand image in the market by being different from its competitors, allowin g its new products to quickly capture the market. Weaknesses Weaknesses of Apple Inc. are important in the decision to invest in the company because they point to internal issues that need to be shored up. One major weakness is Apple’s involvement in several patent infringement lawsuits. Nokia and Motorola Mobility have both filed suits with Apple claiming patent infringement (Datamonitor: Apple Inc. 2011). Cisco has also been involved in an ongoing suit about the trademark name of the iPhone and which company actually owns the name (Chumney & Cowart, 2010). The lawsuits create a weakness for Apple in a few ways. First there is the negative image associated with being sued. This will only detract from the company’s long-held image of being an individual fighting against the oppressive PC regime if the company is seen engaging in its own questionable legal practices. Second, lawsuits of this nature require time and money that could be better spent elsewhere.An unfavorab le verdict in any of these suits would affect the company’s financial health and operations (Datamonitor: Apple Inc. , 2010). Opportunities As it is shown that Apple’s popular image is its biggest strength, Apple has the opportunity to make this image multi-faceted by focusing on its commitment to safe environmental practices. Schultz and Helleloid (2010) relate a 2007 incident in which Greenpeace released a report criticizing Apple for is environmental practices and ranking it behind some of its major competitors like Hewlett-Packard and Dell Computers.Rather than respond positively to Greenpeace’s challenge to improve its practices, Apple merely released a statement that they were already environmentally aware and were meeting their own company standards. This played out poorly for Apple in the media, resulting in a direct challenge to Apple by Greenpeace at the Macworld expo in San Francisco in January 2007 (Schultz & Helleloid, 2010). Apple has the opportuni ty to showcase its environmental practices to enforce its brand image as a conscientious individual.Although the company publishes its environmental practices on its website, it could expand the exposure of this information in one of its savvy marketing campaigns (â€Å"Apple And The Environment†, 2011). Threats Although Apple’s brand image has put it at the forefront of smartphone and tablet design, it is facing the threat of losing its market share to Google Android-based products. With Google acquisition of Android Inc. in 2005, the market for smartphones has seen increasing competition for the iPhone from manufactures like HTC and Samsung (Datamonitor: Apple Inc. 010). This Apple vs. Android competition is also playing out in the tablet market. Castelluccio (2011) writes that in spring 2010, â€Å"the iPad owned 90% of the market† but â€Å"the Canaccord group estimates Apple’s share of the tablet market will be 56% this year† quickly crowded o ut by its competitors (p. 58). This growing threat to the tablet and smartphone markets that Apple had previously cornered will be a key battle as Apple works to contain this threat.Because Apple has made its name through its strong band image, and because that image has led them to pioneer new products in the smartphone and tablet markets, Apple’s branding is one of the most relevant factors in deciding to invest in the company. Apple’s steady popularity as the fun, easy-to-use choice for electronics equipment indicates its long-term strength as an investment. The other important factor is Apple’s opportunity to shore up this image by promoting its environmental practices.Because of the Greenpeace debacle in 2007, Apple has the chance to strengthen its important branding by introducing new marketing that will paint it as the responsible choice for environmentally concerned consumers. This too would add to the company’s longevity as an investment. Stakeho lder Analysis In order to determine if stakeholder needs are being met, the stakeholders must first be identified. Internal stakeholders include employees, marketers, internal retail stores, and executives. External stakeholders of Apple are customers, investors, media, third party retailers, local and national communities, and the environment.Apple is meeting the needs of their internal stakeholders, but has some shortcomings in meeting the needs of external stakeholders. Apple’s major internal stakeholders’ needs are being met; Apple has high employee satisfaction rates, and their retail branches are well known for successful promotion of the company’s ever-important brand. Employees of Apple are satisfied with the company’s management style with nearly 97 percent of employees approving of the general management of founder and CEO Steve Jobs just before he announced his resignation.In fact, during his tenure Jobs was known for being â€Å"adept at attr acting employees who share his vision and fierce sense of loyalty to Apple and is mission† (Steve Jobs, Beloved By Apple Employees? , para. 9, 2011). By attracting those who shared Jobs’ ideals, Jobs was able to create a cohesive employee base who could work together in reaching company goals. The other major internal stakeholders, Apple’s internal retail stores, are also doing well. Apple’s primary marketing strategy has been to focus on their retail stores and the inclusive community of Mac users represented there.The strategy of well-placed, beautifully designed retail stores draws in both Mac pros and newbies. Not only does Apple get one-seventh of its revenue from its retail branch, but the first-time buyers that are drawn in account for nearly half of Mac sales in the stores (Snell, 2004). Apple has decided to focus its energies and meet the needs of its retail branches and it has resulted in increased sales and presence in the electronics market. Th e strength of the retail stores and the loyalty of the company’s employees show that Apple pays close attention to internal stakeholder needs.External stakeholders, though, are not all faring so well. Apple’s major external stakeholders are customers, investors, the community and the environment. Of them, only investors and the community have needs as well-met as the company’s internal stakeholders. Apple has been a solid bet for its investors, even during the recent upset of Jobs’ stepping down as CEO. Ranked as BusinessWeek’s number one best performing company in 2006, Apple has long been a growing company and a safe bet for its investors (The Ranking, 2006). However, with the recent news of Jobs’ departure, there has een some question of the company’s stability (Morris, 2011). The company did a good job of quelling any speculation by immediately naming a successor, new CEO Time Cook, and assuring its investors with the news that Co ok has been running things for some time now, as Jobs battles personal health concerns (Robertson & Metz, 2011). This quick action assures that investors’ confidence in the company is well founded, and confidence is an important need for investors. As with any large company the community has a stake in Apple in the needs for charitable assistance from those who contribute to society.Apple has met the community’s needs by contributing matching donations to employee’s charitable giving, up to $10,000 per employees for qualified organizations (Apple to Match $10K in Charitable Contributions Per Employee, 2011), Giving matching contributions like this allows Apple’s employees to support the community through their chosen organizations, diversifying Apple’s support, and adding to customer satisfaction via Apple’s goodwill. Apple’s customers and the environment are two facets of Apple’s stakeholder needs that both need shoring up.Fri edman (2011) relates the history of customer issues with Apple’s design choices, but the company has rarely responded to that input. Poor customer relations have tarnished Apple’s stellar brand at times, Lee, Burrows, and Woyke (2007) demonstrate that the company’s fast growth contributes to this issue; as Apple expanded from computers into personal music players, laptops, phones and other hardware, it did not match that with growth in its technical services divisions. Because Apple’s major strength lies in its brand and image, it is important that the company have customer relations that support that image.Apple could better meet the needs of its customers by having better trained technical support and sales staff, to meet the growing demand for service. As mentioned earlier, one of Apple’s biggest opportunities is in meeting the needs of the environment and being environmentally aware. A recent report released by five environmental groups claims that one of Apple’s main suppliers is polluting the environment. The Chinese manufacturer of iPhone and iPad touchscreens is accused of poisoning some workers, too. (Apple to discuss suppliers' alleged pollution with NGO, 2011).This type of press shows that Apple still needs to make improvements in its environmental efforts, or it will spill over to affect the company’s goodwill in other areas, like community and customer relations. Apple could counteract this by seriously auditing each one of its suppliers for environmental standards and use its powerful marketing tools to showcase its new green initiatives. Conclusion Having examined Apple, it is clear the company has a strong brand image and place in the market. Is biggest opportunity lies in enhancing this image through improved environmental initiatives.Though there are some issues with the growing Android market and trademark lawsuits, Apple remains a strong prospect for its investors even during times of transit ion. Apple’s growth and clear self-image play large parts in making it a safe decision for its current and future investors. References Apple and the Environment. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. apple. com/environment/ Apple to discuss suppliers' alleged pollution with NGO. (2011, September 1). Business Daily Update. Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/ps/i. do? amp;id=GALE%7CA265861417&v=2. 1&u=uphoenix&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w Benoit, W. L. , & Delbert, J. (2010). â€Å"Get A Mac†: Mac versus PC TV Spots. In , Relevant Rhetoric: A New Journal of Rhetorical Studies (pp. 1-12). Relevant Rhetoric: A New Journal of Rhetorical Studies. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Castelluccio, M. (2011). The Tablet Horizon– An Update. Strategic Finance, 93(2), 57-58. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Datamonitor: Apple Inc. (2011). Apple Computer, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 1-10. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Friedman, L. (2011). The Customer Is Sometimes Right.Macworld, 28( 4), 100. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Kenney, M. (2007). The apple way: 12 management lessons from the world's most innovative company. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 113-113-115. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/203919095? accountid=35812 Lee, L. , Burrows, P. , ; Woyke, E. (2007). A Bruise or Two On Apple's Reputation. BusinessWeek, (4055), 081-083. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Nickels, W. G. , McHugh, J. M. , & McHugh, S. M. (2010). Understanding business (9th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Schultz, P. L. ,

Life Changing Moment Essay

Each and everyone of us has a story to tell and share to others, life stories that may serve as an inspiration to other people. Every individual may have a life experience or a moment in his or her life that somehow greatly affects his or her whole life. We often share our own triumphs and travails, our victories and defeats, our happiness and despair that bring alterations to the present life situations. My story began as an ordinary boy in the state of Ferndale, Michigan. I am the youngest of five siblings, a son of Sazelia and Marvin Johnson. My mother was a university woman who tries to acquire a bachelor’s degree in Business at the University of Michigan. My father was a Mechanical Engineer who is deeply fascinated with cars. My parents are intellectual and social creatures who passed down the essential values of hard work, education and religion to their children. They make sure that we are not deprived of the essential things that we need in our education. They also impart important attitudes and ethical standards needed in conforming well to our social environment. My siblings and I grew up in happy and complete family that upholds education as the main key to success. However, I was different from my siblings for they all went to college, specifically to University of Michigan, after graduating in high school. All of them went to the university, except for our oldest brother, the gifted one on all of us, who went straight to Naval Academy. The life changing moment in my life, happen when I decided that I want to join the military. I really want to be a part of the military reserves so I join the U. S. Navy, wherein I scored high on the entrance examination and I was offered to undergo the U. S. Navy Nuclear Engineering Program. The crucial eight months followed after I joined the program. I learned as much as I can about Chemistry, Math, Electronics, Physics, Reactor Science and other related field in nuclear engineering. I can compare this experience with the experience told in Stephen Crane’s, An Episode of War. Just like the lieutenant who is wounded in war, my own training in the program and in the camp gave me confidence and dignity. It revealed the essence of my existence and all of my mundane desires. It explicates the purpose of my being and my involvement and role in preserving the sovereignty of my own country (Crane 8). Luckily, I was not involved in any war conflicts or that will make my story more exciting. However, I was in preparation aspect of our defense system. However, I sympathize to those who are sent to foreign places to battle with brothers that were considered foes and rogues by the government. I know how hard it can be. Many of us hope that it finally ends. Just like on the poem of Czeslaw Milosz, hoping that the traumas, war and other forms of conflict and misunderstanding will finally meet its conclusion. Our history is characterized and embedded with tragic events and disputes that took many lives (Milosz 256). Read more:Â  Happiest Moments Essay Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace, vividly depicted the events in a war. How fertile lands became battlegrounds of two powerful forces. How innocent lives are drastically involved in the conflict. How children were separated to their parents and how the once happy and fruitful nation transformed into a futile land. After completing the learning prescribed by the program, I was assigned to a nuclear submarine, USS Kentucky SSBN 737. The submarine is an enormous structure that is similar to an underwater city. My training acquired from the program seems like an incomplete preparation to the task that I was assigned to. I was a nuclear plant operator that had a tremendous amount of responsibility. I have to make sure that the nuclear reactor was always safe and in good condition and running smoothly. My task is very crucial for it affects the safety of my comrades. Through the years that I have worked for the U. S. Navy, I got US$50,000 or so worth of proper science training and education in nuclear science and technology. It is more than anyone can ask for. It is such a blessing to anyone to be able to study free. Also, I have acquired credentials to work in most nuclear power plants in the nation. It is one of the prestigious works in the country to be able to work in a high-end facility like a nuclear power plant, wherein knowledgeable individuals are only capable of handling the specific task of maintaining the safety of the nuclear reactor. The education, training and working experience is a something big for me, an ordinary boy who only dream of being a G. I. Joe, inspired by my toy soldiers and toy guns. My experiences during my service to the military were really fruitful and fulfilling. I enjoyed most of my time under the submarine doing my task. It greatly alters and influences my present personality. I have traveled in many places and met many people all over the United States that contribute on my life’s journey. I significantly learned how to start and finish something. My service in the Navy ends, but I am more than ready to start a new journey in this life of mine. I try to acquire a bachelor’s degree in Architecture, one of the things that I wanted to accomplish. From Southwestern College, I transferred to USC this fall to complete my degree. The chapter of my life in the Navy, I will be able to look back and be proud to say that I was part of something special and noble.

Colonial Era of Slavery Tori - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1590 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Did you like this example? Colonial Era of Slavery Slavery has been a huge historical landmark of the early colonial era of American society and culture. It can be said that slavery didnt start in the Americas but had a very influential impact on early colonialism that would take place in the early new age of discovery. While America was on the up and up slavery was one of the greatest sources of forced labor to exist in the age of the New world with a rapid growth in economic advancement, trade and agricultural cultivation labor that would soon lure Americans into the slave trade. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Colonial Era of Slavery Tori" essay for you Create order Why is the slave trade so important? In why did we need slaves to begin with? Many might be confused to such questions that still pose conflict as well as problems for some coming to grips with reality, but slavery was a huge fundamental in the growth of early America. Its often confused by many Americans that the African slaves trade was only big in the United States, but this is a very false reality because the African slave trade exist way before American ever got involved with the trade. There is very vital information that supports claims that slavery didnt necessary start in the Americas, but it definitely flourished in the Americas. Before I expound further its very vital of me to explain the economic advancements, trade and agriculture growth labor that would set the tone for slavery in American society. Slavery has always been around throughout modern day history and African slavery can be traced back to 8th Century and the middle eastern countries, way before it reached the Americas. The early Arabs introduced modern slavery into the middle east to work on agricultural plantations, salt flats, and reclamation of marshlands as part of the Abbasid Caliphate. During this time of the caliphate it was a civil war broken out between Arabs of the Middle East and the Zanj which are an African tribe. The revolt would be devastating because the Arabs would win, and 1.5-2.5 million slaves would be executed in their revolt. Around this time period as well did you know that African slaves enslaved criminals and prisoners of war? Probably not, but its safe to say that Africans were a prominent means to the beginning of the slave trade as well before Americas as well as Europeans countries got wind of the lucrative means of having African slave workers. It wouldnt be long though before the European Portuguese traders would arrive to trade goods with warring African tribes and become a lucrative power house in the early beginning of the Atlantic Slave trade. Regularly trading European goods like guns, textiles and finished goods for African slaves would cause many of the warring African tribes to fall into bloody conflicts for domination of the trade slaves by enslaving one another for profit. The Portuguese would once again capitalize on this factor and would be known as the first to bring African slaves to the New World as early as 1500 to work on sugar plantations in So Tom © and Madeira, and they dominated the early trade. In with lucrative and economic power would soon come other European countries that would also want a slice of the pie which would be another European power house at that time being the Dutch in 1600 who first imported slaves regularly into North America. In soon after this time the English would follow suit with the promise of lucrative economic success by its European counterparts by also participating in the slave trade and importing slaves on the regular bases around early 1700. Due to this new discovery of slavery came with a new trade the slave trade that would be a huge form of economic growth that many countries sought out for with the success expeditions of the Portuguese in the beginning of the new world. The slave trade didnt get introduced to the new world into the early 1500 by the Portuguese and would be not just a great discovery but a tragedy for the African population as well. These new founded expedition by big companies and organizations were centered around the middle passage section of the triangular trade which was part of the Atlantic Trade first established by the Portuguese. Slaves were cargo and were treated as nothing more than cargo by the new slave traders of the Portuguese, English, French and Dutch. They were often crammed into ships stacked onto each other, chained together and forced to dance to prevent blood clots in their bodies from being crammed into small areas for hours out a time. Malnutrition, overcrowding and bad sanitation would lead to many deaths on multiple expeditions. Though some rebellions would also take place on ships during expeditions were slaves outnumbered most of the crews since crew would be only about 30 men watching over 350-450 slaves would overtake the crews but would ultimately die at sea due to not knowing the proper way to navigate ships. Some slaves would often also engage in suicides by jumping out of boats and drowning because they believed their spirits would go back to Africa. Its said that 1-7 slaves (2-4 million) slaves would die of diseases like smallpox, measles, dysentery and yellow fever. Between 1640-1809, the Portuguese shipped 6 million Africans while the British and ditched imported about 3-4 million. The expeditions were successful but also had lose as well for those that had financial funded the expeditions calling for more expeditions to Africa to bring as many slaves back as possible with their method of cramming them on board. In between 1640- 1655 African slavery among the English began primary on the islands of Barbados and Jamaica where they were used on sugar plantations. They were seasons slaved and valued more of that of saltwater slaves due to their ability to work under harsh conditions, survive and be worked harder and longer than that of saltwater slaves. By 1730 the English would import immense number of Slaves becoming the largest exporter of slaves from Africa. In this would lead up to the presence of slavery in the Americas by this vast amount of trade that would take place. The English would soon take a lot of these African slaves and place them amongst southern colonies of American South such as Maryland, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia with slaves making up 80 percent of the southern colonies population. The slave population was higher than that of the northern colonies of America which made up maybe 15-20 percent of the population of northern cities by 1750 with 566,000 black Americans in the U.S. by 1780. Due to their being so many slaves in the south for agricultural cultivation of tobacco and sugar and few masters over these slaves it was often that slaves on plantations would rebel and try to run away to escape their masters but would often if caught be whipped, shackled, hanged, beaten, burned, mutilated, branded and imprisoned. The north also practiced such means of torture on slaves but didnt have as many slaves, so it was unlike that slaves would try to rebel. Since slaves constantly tried to run away it was a particular place, they ran to which was Fort Mose in St Augustine which was the first black settlement in North America established in 1738 by Governor Manuel De Montiano. The promise Spain made in 1693 was declaring all runaway slaves freedom in America if they converted to Catholicism and served for 4 years in the military. The encomienda would be outlawed shortly after in 1730. In this would be the reason why Manuel de Montiano would grant runaway slaves a black settlement since so many ran away for their freedom. Since the northern colonies didnt have the issues of their slaves running away like that of southern colonies there would be a system put in place to imposed certain slaves over others. It was a way to keep them in line by dealing out punishments and being overseers of the slave masters. During the early colonial period there was a task system slaves had their own money, family economies and ability to purchase their own freedom. Many slaves would also use a combination of British and African dialects to make up their own pidgin languages. In the southern colonies of Louisiana creole mixtures between African slaves and French European masters would become prevalent changing the dynamics and bring about a new creole culture in the south. It often had a blend of religion as well between African religion and Roman Catholic religion creating a form known as vodou. Agricultural growth of the Americas would help expand slavery as well as bring a new cultural change in the Americas among slaves and colonizers. The evolution of slavery in the colonial Americas was due to the hopes of economic growth, trade and agricultural cultivation labor that would be directly linked to the expansion of slavery throughout the Americans first through the Portuguese and followed suit by the Dutch, French and English. Slavery is still a very debatable subject but without slavery there wouldnt have been a cultural mixture nor would there have been a huge expansion that would obviously take place due to slavery. Slavery didnt just bring slaves but it also brought a flux of immigrants that also wanted to follow this new trend of economic growth as well as lucrative profit from the slave trade making American History what it is today. The New worlds growth was hugely distributed by an ever-growing age of colonialism and slavery was just a part of that process.