How Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in...

How do men and woman communicate differently in relationships? Monique Giresi Professor Martin Analytical Reading 81148 I. A. How To Stay Married Anne Kingston Magazine Article B. He Said, She Said Deborah Tannen Magazine Article II. A. The magazine article titled, â€Å"How to Stay Married,† begins with a story about a 68-year old woman named Cynthia. The article has a narrative style of writing in the beginning, however as one reads on, the style converts to expository. Anne Kingston, the author, begins to teach the reader by using examples of others and personal experiences to support her point. B. The magazine article titled, â€Å"He Said, She Said,† is an expository piece of†¦show more content†¦* Inextricably 28. â€Å"The two are not mutually exclusive but inextricably intertwined.† (p7) 29. Inextricably- Extremely involved. 30. I am inextricably concerned with my schoolwork. IV. A. The magazine article titled, â€Å"How to Stay Married,† is written in a cause –effect pattern of organization. Authors who use the cause-and-effect approach don’t just tell what happened; they try to explain why it happened too. In this article, author Anne Kingston uses various examples of cause-and-effect. One sample from Kingston’s article is, â€Å"it’s precisely the disconnect between that expectation that husband and wife be everything to one another and the reality of marriage that causes women to keep secrets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p3) Here Kingston begins her statement with the effect and concludes it with the cause of women keeping secrets. B. The magazine article titled, â€Å"He Said, She Said,† is written in a comparison-contrast pattern of organization. Authors who use the comparison-contrast approach both; compare and contrast two things throughout the argument. In this article, author, Deborah Tannen uses several examples of comparison-contrast. One illustration from Tannen’s article is, â€Å"her point of view, asking directions means making a fleeting connection to a stranger and getting where you are going without losing anything. From his perspective, he would be putting himself inShow MoreRelatedCommunication Is Vital For Success And Living A Normal Life1212 Words   |  5 Pageslacks the ability to communicate, it can be an extreme challenge to live a normal life. Males and females often communicate differently and sometimes can communicate the same. â€Å"Differences between ‘gender cultures’ influence the way that people of different genders communicate. These difference s begin at childhood† (Boundless). They have different ways of reacting, different objectives, body language, and different ways of communicating with one another. Later, you will discover how genders differ whenRead MoreAsymmetrical Conversations Between Men and Women1648 Words   |  7 Pagesconversation is bound to ignite. While communicating has its ups, it also has its downs; these ‘downs’ can happen especially when men and women are communicating because, according to Deborah Tannen, they have different communication styles. Tannen illustrates this in her video, He Said, She Said: Gender, Language, Communication, where she talks about and gives many examples of how men and women differ in their conversational approaches. I definitely agree with Tannen in regards that conversation betweenRead More A Woman’s Place Is Not in the House Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesFirst of all, some men should stop thinking that a woman’s place is in the house. Because, it is not! If men would try to adapt some of the attitudes, and behavior of women, we may see a reduction in the divorce rate or a more stable relationship amongst couples. Some women tent to talk about things that are bothering them, while the men keeps everything inside, hence he becomes isolated in the relationship. Some men were taught at an early age to believe that a woman’s place is in the houseRead More The Challenge of Communication between Men and Women Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages He looks at me with big puppy dog eyes and says,Kate, do you really want me to stay? HELLO! Now, you have to understand that I dont want to make decisions for him, and I dont want to be controlling, so I say, Its your decision. Wow, that is the number one clue; if you get that line youd better stay with her. Why cant you just listen to me? I dont want your advice; I just want you to listen! I yelled. I did listen to you; you could have done something to prevent that problem!Read MoreThe Differences Between Men And Women1171 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween men and women psychologically, and biologically? Men and Women are extremely different in many ways. Men act in certain ways and express themselves differently from how women do. There are many differences between the two genders including communication skills, biologically different, and the cultural stereotypes that have separated the two genders socially. Many relationships end due to the fact of misunderstanding each other and how to communicate to each other in the relationship. â€Å"WhenRead MoreEssay about Differences in Communication between Men and Women1185 Words   |  5 PagesIt is a well-known fact that men and women have vastly different styles of nearly everything, communication not excluded. Women tend to be more talkative and emotional whereas men are usually reserved and not quite as open with their emotions. Many differences indeed exist between the spoken language of males and females. What about body language? Nonverbal cues are often difficult to notice and even harder to understand. Some people may not even realize when they are communicating in this senseRead MoreSex, Lies, And Conversation, By Deborah Tannen931 Words   |  4 PagesThe methods in which men and women communicate are eminently different. This being so, their external state is an indicator of their inner state, but men and women have different e xternal states to express themselves. This is especially evident among children and individuals in relationships, and altered between a couple who tries to adjust their behavior. Deborah Tannen, the author of â€Å"Sex, Lies, and Conversation,† argues that boys are girls are taught to have a differ inner state, that males andRead MoreDifferences Between Men And Women1338 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of history, men and women have be faced with a communication barrier. The differing communication skills between men and women present challenges that can lead to foreseeable problems in relationships. These problems arise out of differing purposes, styles, traits, and emotions that accompany communication between the two sexes. Unless an understanding is reached, these barriers may never be broken down. The structure of men and women’s brain differ, which is the underlying causeRead MoreEssay on Men and Women, Perspectives on Communication1397 Words   |  6 Pages Men and Women, Perspectives on Communication Throughout time it has been documented that men and women see things in the world from different perspectives. A man will pay $2 for a $1 item he wants but a woman will pay $1 for a $2 item she doesnt want. Men and women’s minds are truly wired up differently, and I’m not just talking about sex. Making love, for most women is the greatest expression of intimacy a couple can achieve. To most men, you can call it whatever you want just as long as theyRead MoreMen vs Women (Compare and Contrast) Essays787 Words   |  4 PagesAs the age old saying goes, â€Å"Men Are from Mars, Women are from Venus†. The conflicting views of men and women have been questioned for centuries, noting how men and women differ in emotion, affection, and communication. Women tend to be more emotional and rational then men, whereas men are far less emotional and react on impulse. The different understanding of the ways that each sex communicates is still to be studied. Women tend to react more emotionally than men, resulting in submerging themselves

Essay on Analysis of the American Civil War - 900 Words

Final Civil War Essay Analysis Slavery was the most important cause of the Civil War, because this single issue divided the North and South to begin with. The ideological differences between the North and South led to economic differences, conflicts over newly acquired territories, disputes over the constitution, and political extremism. The Election of 1860 was the culmination of these disputes and caused the South to secede in 1861 and guided the way towards the Civil War. The Northern states had a largely industrial economy. The coastal states were filled with port cities to ship out manufactured goods to other places around the world. Capitalism was in full swing, with all sorts of factories popping up everywhere. The industrial†¦show more content†¦The United States War against Mexico was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 about the U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered part of their territory. American forces o ccupied New Mexico and California, and then invaded parts of Northeastern and Northwestern Mexico. Another American army captured Mexico City, which ended the war with a U.S victory. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo specified the major consequence of the war: the forced Mexican Cession of the territories of Alta California and New Mexico to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million. Mexico accepted the loss of Texas. American territorial expansion to the Pacific coast had been the goal of President James K. Polk, the leader of the Democratic Party. However, the war was extremely controversial with the Whig Party, anti-imperialists and anti-slavery elements, who all strongly opposed. Several American deaths and high monetary costs were also criticized. The political aftermath of the war increased the slavery issue in the U.S., leading to intense debates that pointed toward the Civil War. The Compromise of 1850 provided a brief relief for the U.S. The Compromise of 1850 was a consisted of f ive bills passed in the United States in September of 1850. It defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during theShow MoreRelated`` Apostles Of Disunion : Southern Secession Commissioners And The Cause Of The Civil War `` Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesSecession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War,† Charles B. Dew analyzes the public letters and speeches of white, southern commissioners in order to prove that the Civil War was fought over slavery. By analyzing the public letters and speeches of the commissioners, Dew offers a compelling argument proving that slavery along with the ideology of white supremacy were primary causes of the Civil War. Dew is not only the Ephraim Williams Professor of American History at Williams College, but he isRead MoreRelationship Between Institution of Slavery and Outbreak of Civil War863 Words   |  4 Pagesof Civil War Abstract Fundamentally, Slavery is an economic phenomenon. Looking at the history throughout, slavery has always existed where it has been an economic worthwhile to all those having power. Before the Civil War in U.S, nearly four million slaves lived there. Rates of return on slaves were enjoyed by the masters and these rates were comparable to assets. Industrial enterprises, cotton consumers and insurance companies benefited from slavery. This essay is based upon the analysis of relationshipRead MoreDiscovering The American Past : The Port Royal Experiment, 1861-1865 ( 237-274 )1562 Words   |  7 Pages APUSH: Juniors Seniors 1st Period 8:20-9:06 Monday: 11/30/15 Discovering the American Past: Ch 10: â€Å"No More Pint o’ Salt for Me†: The Port Royal Experiment, 1861-1865 (237-274) In Class Read: 1. Problem 237-238 Task: Analyze evidence in order to answer the following two questions A. Would the Sea Island blacks be able to use the educational, economic, and military opportunities made available to them to become knowledgeable, responsible, and productiveRead MoreSlavery And The Civil War1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe American civil war was in no doubt the most crucial event in history. No other war compares or even comes close to the casualties suffered. It helped conserve and maintain the Union, drastically changed the relationship between the federal and states government, and led to slavery’s abolition. This war has also stirred up many conflicts until this day about the conflicts and causes. Among the countless and even undiscovered questions comes the most common as being why the Southern states wereRead MorePhotography and the Civil War Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesdid Mathew Brady change people’s perception of the Civil War? This investigation evaluates the ways in which photographer Mathew Brady changed the American perception of the Civil War. The focus of the investigation is on the growth of photography during the Civil War, a small bit of background on Mathew Brady, and his involve ment on the battlefield as a â€Å"battlefield photographer†. The technological advancements in photography during the Civil War are noted in this investigation. Also, connectionsRead MoreHistory IA on Slavery1380 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluation of Sources Equal Protection and the African American Constitutional Experience (2000) is a compilation of over a hundred primary source documents. The primary sources (legislation, letters, testimony and more) were compiled, edited and analyzed by Robert P. Green, a â€Å"distinguished professor† who claims a Masters in United States History, a Bachelors in History and has taught American Educational History, Principles of American Education along with several other courses at Clemson CollegeRead MoreEssay about The American Civil War688 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Civil war was a series of transactions, or exchanges, between the North and the South. These transactions involved over 1 million Americans who put their lives at risk for the liberation of the country’s slaves. These transactions were influenced by three paramount concepts: perspectives, values, and relative evaluations of costs and benefits. In the midst of this tumultuous period of time in American history, t hese concepts shaped not just the people themselves but the social, politicalRead MoreReconstruction Document Analysis1256 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Wheeler HIS 251 26 November 2012 Document Analysis: â€Å"Reconstruction: Clashing Dreams and Realities, 1865-1868† The Civil War brought with it destruction in the South, over 600,000 fatalities, economic devastation, and a nation hanging together by the thread of the hopes of those who believed that the nation of Washington would not â€Å"perish from the earth.† Those living in the losing side had to face the harsh realities that their lives would never be the same, both for the white slave ownersRead MoreDebate on Civil War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Historians’ Debate on the Civil War The American Civil War has without a doubt left a permanent divide on this great nation’s past and present. American historians still debate the causes of a war that began in 1861 between the Union states and Confederacy states. The war can be seen as caused by the principle of slavery, the growing tension between northern and southern ideology or due to a crack in the political system of the time. United States’ history classes focus on teaching studentsRead MoreWhy the Union Won the Civil War?663 Words   |  3 PagesWon the Civil War Why the Union Won the Civil War Introduction The South was viewed by many in the United States and elsewhere as a robust, self-sufficient economy (Surdam, 2001, p. 1). It produced much of the worlds supply of cotton and Texans bragged that their cattle could feed the world. What the South lacked in manufacturing was compensated for by the immense wealth produced from raw cotton, cattle, and corn exports. Obviously, the predictions that the South could survive a war with the

Punishment

Punishment-Justice for the Unjust Essay P A R T 4 Corrections RIGHTS OF THE CONVICTED AND IMPRISONED Common law, constitutional, statutory, and humanitarian rights of the convicted and imprisoned:  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ A right against cruel or unusual punishment A right to protection from physical harm A right to sanitary and healthy conditions of confinement A limited right to legal assistance while imprisoned A limited right to religious freedom while imprisoned A limited right to freedom of speech while imprisoned A limited right to due process prior to denial of privileges These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these public-order concerns:  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Punishment of the guilty Safe communities The reduction of recidivism Secure prisons Control over convicts The prevention of escape Rehabilitation Affordable prisons ISBN: 0-536-09974-X How does our system of justice work toward balance? Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Punishment—Justice for the Unjust? The great Christian writer C. S. Lewis (1898–1963) once remarked that if satisfying justice is to be the ultimate goal of Western criminal justice, then the fate of offenders cannot be dictated merely by practical considerations. â€Å"The concept of just desert is the only connecting link between punishment and justice,† Lewis wrote. â€Å"It is only as deserved or undeserved that a sentence can be just or unjust,† he concluded. Once a person has been arrested, tried, and sentenced, the correctional process begins. Unlike Lewis’s exhortation, however, the contemporary American correctional system—which includes probation, parole, jails, prisons, capital punishment, and a variety of innovative alternatives to traditional sentences—is tasked with far more than merely carrying out sentences. We also ask of our correctional system that it ensure the safety of law-abiding citizens, that it select the best alternative from among the many available for handling each offender, that it protect those under its charge, and that it guarantee fairness in the handling of all with whom it comes into contact. This section of Criminal Justice Today details the development of probation, parole, community corrections, and imprisonment as correctional philosophies; describes the nuances of prison and jail life; discusses special issues in contemporary corrections (including AIDS, geriatric offenders, and female inmates); and summarizes the legal environment which both surrounds and infuses the modern-day practice of corrections. Characteristic of today’s correctional emphasis is a society-wide push for harsher punishments. The culmination of that strategy, however, is dramatically overcrowded correctional institutions, the problems of which are also described. As you read through this section, encountering descriptions of various kinds of criminal sanctions, you might ask yourself, â€Å"When would a punishment of this sort be deserved? † In doing so, remember to couple that thought with another question: â€Å"What are the ultimate consequences (for society and for the offender) of the kind of correctional program we are discussing here? Unlike Lewis, you may also want to ask, â€Å"Can we afford it? † 12 Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections 13 14 Prisons and Jails Prison Life ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. C H A P T E R 12 Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to:  ¦ OUTLINE  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Introduction What Is Probation? What Is Parole? Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses The Legal Environment The Job of Probation and Parole Officers Intermediate Sanctions The Future of Probation and Parole  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Explain the differences between probation and parole, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each. Describe in detail the legal environment surrounding the use of probation and parole, and know the names of significant court cases. Describe the federal probation system. Explain the nature of the job of probation and parole officers. List the advantages of intermediate sanctions over more traditional forms of sentencing. Describe the likely future of probation and parole. â€Å" This year, some 600,000 inmates will be released from prison back into society. We know from long experience that if they can’t find work, or a home, or help, they are much more likely to commit crime and return to prison. . . . America is the land of second chance, and when the gates of the prison open, the path ahead should lead to a better life. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. —President George W. Bush1 ISBN: 0-536-09974-X â€Å" Community corrections is an integral part of the criminal justice system and should be fully implemented and promoted in order to save expensive and scarce jail and prison space for violent and serious offenders. —National Association of Counties, Justice and Public Safety Steering Committee2 † ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Cr iminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 452 PA R T 4 Corrections KEY CONCEPTS TERMS caseload community corrections community service conditions of parole (probation) home confinement intensive probation supervision (IPS) intermediate sanctions mixed sentence parole parole board parole (probation) violation parole revocation prisoner reentry probation probation revocation remote location monitoring restitution revocation hearing shock incarceration shock probation split sentence CASES Bearden v. Georgia Escoe v. Zerbst Gagnon v. Scarpelli Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates Griffin v. Wisconsin Mempa v. Rhay Minnesota v. Murphy Morrissey v. Brewer Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott U. S. v. Knights The original full-text court opinion for each of these cases is available on the CD-ROM that accompanies this book. Introduction Hear the author discuss this chapter at cjtoday. com On February 1, 2004, 11-year-old Carlie Brucia was abducted as she took a shortcut to her home from a slumber party at a friend’s house. Video footage of Carlie’s abduction was captured by an unattended car wash security camera, which showed the girl being grabbed by an unidentified man and led away. Carlie’s body was discovered days later in a church parking lot a few miles from her home. Shortly after her abduction, authorities announced the arrest of Joseph P. Smith, a 37-year-old auto mechanic and father of three who had a lengthy criminal record. Authorities charged Smith with Carlie’s murder and said that they would try him for first-degree homicide, kidnapping, and capital sex ual battery. It was soon learned that Smith had been arrested at least 13 times in Florida in the 11 years before Carlie’s abduction and had previously been charged with kidnapping and false imprisonment. Only a month before Carlie’s murder, a probation officer had asked a Florida judge to declare Smith a probation violator because of unpaid fines and court costs that he had been ordered to pay. The probation officer’s request was denied and Smith remained free. In 2005, convicted sex offender John Evander Couey, 46, was arrested and charged with the rape and murder of nine-year-old Jessica Lunsford of Homosassa, Florida. 4 Prosecutors revealed tear-jerking details of the last moments of Jessica’s life, saying that she had been tied up and buried alive, kneeling and clutching a purple stuffed dolphin. Like the Smith case, it turns out that Couey had a long record, including 24 arrests for burglary, carrying a concealed weapon, indecent exposure, and other offenses. He had previously been arrested and charged with fondling a child. Although Couey was sentenced to 10 years in prison, he was paroled in 1980 because of prison overcrowding. In yet another story that came out of Florida in 2005, the body of 13-year-old Sarah Lunde was discovered in a fish pond about a mile from her Hillsborough County home. 5 The man arrested in her killing, 36-year-old David Onstott, has a lengthy criminal record dating back to 1986, including charges of exual abuse and attempted murder. After his arrest Onstott confessed to choking Lunde and dumping her body near her home. Stories like those involving Brucia, Lunsford, and Lunde appear all too frequently in the media and cast a harsh light on the early release and poor supervision of criminal offenders. This chapter takes a close look at the realities behind the practice of what we call community corrections. Community corrections, also termed community-based corrections, is a sentencing style that depends less on traditional confinement options and more on correctional resources available in the community. Community corrections includes a wide variety of sentencing options, such as probation, parole, home confinement, the electronic monitoring of offenders, and other new and developing programs—all of which are covered in this chapter. Learn more about comCriminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.  ¦ Lecture Note Discuss community corrections, including its assumptions, its forms, and its prevalence. Class Activity Visit a local criminal court. Observe the sentencing choices of individual judges. Are some judges more likely to order probation than others? If so, how great is the difference? community corrections The use of a variety of officially ordered programbased sanctions that permit convicted offenders to remain in the community under conditional supervision as an alternative to an active prison sentence.  ¦ ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections CHAPTER 12 453 A car wash surveillance camera in Sarasota, Florida, showing 11-year-old Carlie Brucia being abducted in 2004. Brucia’s body was later discovered at a church three miles from the abduction site. Police quickly arrested Joseph P. Smith, 37, a chronic drug abuser with a long arrest record, and charged him with kidnapping and murder. Court records showed that Smith had violated the conditions of his probation and should have been imprisoned at the time of the abduction. In 2005, Smith was tried and convicted of kidnapping, raping, and strangling Brucia. AP Wide World Photos munity corrections by visiting the International Community Corrections Association via Web Extra 12–1 at cjtoday. com. What Is Probation? Probation, one aspect of community corrections, is â€Å"a sentence served while under supervision in the community. †6 Like other sentencing options, probation is a court-ordered sanction. Its goal is to retain some control over criminal offenders while using community programs to help rehabilitate them. Most of the alternative sanctions discussed later in this chapter are, in fact, predicated on probationary sentences in which the offender is ordered to abide by certain conditions—such as participation in a specified program—while remaining free in the community. Although the court in many jurisdictions can impose probation directly, most probationers are sentenced first to confinement but then immediately have their sentences suspended and are remanded into the custody of an officer of the court—the probation officer. Probation has a long history. By the fourteenth century, English courts had established the practice of â€Å"binding over for good behavior,†7 in which offenders could be entrusted into the custody of willing citizens. American John Augustus (1784–1859) is generally recognized as the world’s first probation officer. Augustus, a Boston shoemaker, attended sessions of criminal court in the 1850s and offered to take carefully selected offenders into his home as an alternative to imprisonment. 8 At first, he supervised only drunkards, but by 1857 Augustus was accepting many kinds of offenders and was devoting all his time to the service of the court. 9 Augustus died in 1859, having bailed out more than 2,000 convicts. In 1878, the Massachusetts legislature enacted a statute that authorized the city of Boston to hire a salaried probation officer. Missouri followed suit in 1897, along with Vermont (1898) and Rhode Island (1899). 0 Before the end of the nineteenth century, probation had become an accepted and widely used form of community-based supervision. By 1925, all 48 states had adopted probation legislation. In that same year, the federal government enacted legislation enabling federal district court judges to appoint paid probation officers and to impose probationary terms. 11 probation A senten ce of imprisonment that is suspended. Also, the conditional freedom granted by a judicial officer to a convicted offender, as long as the person meets certain conditions of behavior.  ¦ Lecture Note Explain probation as a sentence of imprisonment that is suspended. Tell the class that offenders who violate the conditions of probation may be sent to prison to serve the remainder of their sentences. ISBN: 0-536-09974-X The Extent of Probation Today, probation is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States. Between 20% and 60% of those found guilty of crimes are sentenced to some form of probation. Figure 12–1 shows that 59% of all offenders under correctional supervision in the United States Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Accepting released offenders into the community without a period of supervised release is morally unsatisfying; they have not yet earned their place at our table. —Jeremy Travisi 454 PA R T 4 Corrections CJ NEWS Getting Tough on Paroled Sex Offenders From the moment he enters the sex offender’s apartment, North Dakota parole officer Brian Weigel is looking for contraband. He kicks aside a blanket on the floor, peers down and spies a video game rated for mature players—complete with buxom computer-generated women on the cover. And despite protests from the man who lives here, the video game is coming with Weigel. In the year since college student Dru Sjodin was abducted from a North Dakota parking lot and killed, allegedly by a convicted sex offender, the state has worked to make its sex offender laws among the strictest in the nation. Officers such as Weigel have to determine whether an offender is sticking to restrictions that often include a ban on sexual material in the home. â€Å"There’s a real threat,† said Weigel, one of five sex offender specialists in the state’s parole and probation division. If these guys reoffend, there’s going to be another real victim out there. † Weigel’s unit is new, part of the state’s heightened enforcement since Sjodin’s abduction a year ago. The 22-year-old University of North Dakota student’s body was found in 2004 in a ravine in Minnesota. The man charged with abducting Sjodin and killing her, Alfonso Rodr iguez, is a convicted sex offender who had been released from prison six months before she disappeared. He has pleaded not guilty to a federal charge of kidnapping resulting in death. Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty. The passage of a year has not softened the blow for Sjodin’s family. â€Å"Every day weighs heavy in our hearts,† said Linda Walker, Sjodin’s mother. â€Å"There isn’t one day that we don’t think of her, even from the moment we wake up to the moment we go to sleep. † The case drew national attention as volunteers, National Guard soldiers and law enforcement officers searched the region for months, looking for Sjodin. Her body wasn’t found until after the snow melted. The U. S. Senate endorsed a bill called â€Å"Dru’s Law,† which would set up a national public database of sex offenders and require strict monitoring of high-risk sex offenders for a year after their release from prison. The bill was introduced by Sen. Byron Dorgan, D–N. D. ISBN: 0-536-09974-X University of North Dakota student Dru Sjodin, 22 (left), was abducted from a shopping mall, raped, and murdered in 2003. Known sex offender Alfonso Rodriguez, Jr. , 50 (right), stands accused of the crimes. He had been released from prison six months before Sjodin disappeared after having served 23 years for stabbing and trying to kidnap a young woman. Sjodin’s brutal murder has spurred both North Dakota and Minnesota (where Rodriguez lived) into making their sex offender laws among the toughest in the nation. Grand Forks Police Department, Reuters, Landov LLC, and AP Wide World Photos Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections CHAPTER 12 455 CJ NEWS (continued) â€Å"The entire country was looking for Dru Sjodin,† Dorgan said. The case was particularly troubling here and in neighboring Minnesota, where Rodriguez lived. The convicted rapist hadbeen released even though he had been classified as a Level 3 offender, meaning he had the highest risk of committing another sex crime. Both states have since moved to crack down on sex offenders. In North Dakota, the new parole unit is partnered with an expanded sex offender program at the state psychiatric hospital in Jamestown for the most serious sexual predators, who are recommended for civil commitment after their release. The number of people civilly committed has doubled to 23 in less than a year. In Minnesota, two separate commissions have been working on new sentencing guidelines since the Sjodin case. One plan would double the maximum sentences for sex crimes and impose a life term on any repeat sex offender. It also would set up a board to review the cases of inmates who have served their minimum sentences. More restrictions may be on the way. When North Dakota lawmakers convene their next session, they will face a list of proposals from a task force launched by Gov. John Hoeven. Among them are life sentences without parole for gross sexual offenses that result in death, and supervised probation for all other felony sex offenses. The panel also is seeking a stronger method of tracking sex offenders, using global positioning devices that could alert authorities to an offender’s location at all times, said Duane Houdek, an attorney for Hoeven. Although North Dakota’s crime rate remains low, getting tough on sex offenders will help preserve that security, said state Rep. Lois Delmore. â€Å"It means we’re not just assuming that we’re in North Dakota and everyone’s healthy and happy and things like this can’t happen,† she said. For the latest in crime and justice news, visit the Talk Justice news feed at http://www. crimenews. info. Source: â€Å"N. D. Is Tougher on Sex Offenders after Abduction Last Year: New Parole Unit Keeps Tight Guard,† Associated Press, November 21, 2004.  © Copyright Associated Press. All rights reserved. Distributed by Valeo IP. Valeo Clearance Lincense 3. 5721. 4501570-109704. as of January 1, 2005, were on probation. Not shown is that the number of offenders supervised yearly on probation has increased from slightly more than 1 million in 1980 to over 4 million today—almost a 300% increase. 12 Even violent offenders stand about a one in five chance of receiving a probationary term, as Figure 12–2 shows. A Bureau of Justice Statistics study of felony sentences found that 5% of people convicted of homicide were placed on probation, as were 21% of convicted sex offenders. 13 Twelve percent of convicted robbers and 30% of those committing aggravated assault were similarly sentenced to probation rather than active prison time. In one example, 47-year-old Carrie Mote of Vernon, Connecticut, was sentenced to probation for shooting her fiance in the chest with a . 38-caliber handgun after he called off their wedding. 4 Mote, who faced a maximum of 20 years in prison, claimed to be suffering from diminished psychological capacity at the time of the shooting because of the emotional stress brought on by the canceled wedding.  ¦ Lecture Note Referring to Figure 12–1, describe the percentages of individuals under the various types of correctional supervision in the United States. Ask why probation is such a commonly used alternative. FIGURE 12–1 Parole 11% Jail 10% Probation 59% ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Offenders under correctional supervision in the United States, by type of supervision. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Surveys. Prison 20% Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 456 PA R T 4 Corrections FIGURE 12–2 Percentage of convicted felony offenders receiving probation, by type of crime. Source: Jodi M. Brown and Patrick A. Langan, Felony Sentences in the United States, 1996 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999). 40 35 30 25  ¦ Lecture Note Examine Figure 12–2. Ask the class to discuss the merits of granting probation to violent offenders. Clinton Vs. Lazio EssayParole fulfills a similar purpose for offenders released from prison. Both probation and parole provide a number of advantages over imprisonment, including these:  ¦ ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Lecture Note Describe probation and parole revocation. Explain that, in most cases, revocation orders can be issued only after a hearing in front of a neutral body and that certain procedures must be followed. Lower cost. Imprisonment is expensive. Incarcerating a single offender in Georgia, for example, costs approximately $39,501 per year, while the cost of intensive probation is as little as $1,321 per probationer. 0 The expense of imprisonment in some other states may be more than three times as high as it is in Georgia. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections CHAPTER 12 461  ¦ In creased employment. Few people in prison have the opportunity for productive employment. Work-release programs, correctional industries, and inmate labor programs operate in most states, but they usually provide only low-paying jobs and require few skills. At best, such programs include only a small portion of the inmates in any given facility. Probation and parole, on the other hand, make it possible for offenders under correctional supervision to work full-time at jobs in the â€Å"free† economy. Offenders can contribute to their own and their families’ support, stimulate the local economy by spending their wages, and support the government through the taxes they pay. Restitution. Offenders who are able to work are candidates for court-ordered restitution. Society’s interest in restitution may be better served by a probationary sentence or parole than by imprisonment. Restitution payments to victims may help restore their standard of living and personal confidence while teaching the offender responsibility. Community support. The decision to release a prisoner on parole or to sentence a convicted offender to probation is often partially based on considerations of family and other social ties. Such decisions are made in the belief that offenders will be more subject to control in the community if they participate in a web of positive social relationships. An advantage of both probation and parole is that they allow the offender to continue personal and social relationships. Probation avoids splitting up families, while parole may reunite family members separated from each other by a prison sentence. Reduced risk of criminal socialization. Criminal values permeate prisons; prison has been called a â€Å"school in crime. † Probation insulates adjudicated offenders, at least to some degree, from these kinds of values. Parole, by virtue of the fact that it follows time served in prison, is less successful than probation in reducing the risk of criminal socialization. Increased use of community services. Probationers and parolees can take advantage of services offered through the community, including psychological therapy, substance abuse counseling, financial services, support groups, church outreach programs, and social services. While a few similar opportunities may be available in prison, the community environment itself can enhance the effectiveness of treatment programs by reducing the stigmatization of the offender and by allowing the offender to participate in a more â€Å"normal† environment. Increased opportunity for rehabilitation. Probation and parole can both be useful behavioral management tools. They reward cooperative offenders with freedom and allow for the opportunity to shape the behavior of offenders who may be difficult to reach through other programs.  ¦ Lecture Note List and discuss each of the advantages of probation and parole, such as lower costs versus imprisonment, the opportunity for restitution, and the reduced risk of criminal socialization. Thematic Question How well do the terms imposed on probationers and parolees serve the rights of individuals? How well do they serve the needs of the community? What issues or needs are not addressed but should be? Lecture Note List and discuss the disadvantages of probation and parole, including the relatively low degree of punishment inherent in both options. Ask students to decide whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and how such a decision might be reached in individual circumstances.  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Disadvantages of Probation and Parole Any honest appraisal of probation and parole must recognize that they share a number of strategic drawbacks, such as these:  ¦ Relative lack of punishment. The â€Å"just deserts† model of criminal sentencing insists that punishment should be a central theme of the justice process. While rehabilitation and treatment are recognized as worthwhile goals, the model suggests that punishment serves both society’s need for protection and the victim’s need for revenge. Many view probation, however, as practically no punishment at all and it is coming under increasing criticism as a sentencing strategy. Parole is likewise accused of unhinging the scales of justice because (1) it releases some offenders early, even when they have been convicted of serious crimes, while some relatively minor offenders remain in prison, and (2) it is dishonest because it does not require completion of the offender’s entire sentence behind bars. Increased risk to the community. Probation and parole are strategies designed to deal with convicted criminal offenders. The release into the community of such offenders increases the risk that they will commit additional offenses. Community supervision can never be so complete as to eliminate such a possibility, and evaluations of parole have pointed out that an accurate assessment of offender dangerousness is beyond our present capability. 31 Increased social costs. Some offenders placed on probation and parole will effectively and responsibly discharge their obligations. Others, however, will become social liabilities. In addition to the increased risk of new crimes, probation and parole increase the chance that added expenses will accrue to the community in the form of child support, welfare costs, housing expenses, legal aid, indigent health care, and the like. The abolition of parole has been tried and has failed on a spectacular scale. . . . The absence of parole means that offenders simply walk out the door of prison at the end of a predetermined period of time, no questions asked. —American Probation and Parole Association and the Association of Paroling Authorities International ISBN: 0-536-09974-X  ¦ Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 462 PA R T 4 Corrections The Legal Environment  ¦ Thematic Question Do communities have the right to be informed when exconvicts are released from pri son? Do victims? How can we as a society balance the community’s right to selfprotection with individuals’ right to live where they choose, even in the case of ex-convicts? Lecture Note Explain that courts have not held probation and parole officers to the same standards as police officers in the gathering of evidence. Discuss the fact that probation and parole officers may turn incriminating statements made by clients over to prosecutors and that officers may enter a client’s home without a warrant.  ¦ revocation hearing A hearing held before a legally constituted hearing body (such as a parole board) to determine whether a parolee or probationer has violated the conditions and requirements of his or her parole or probation.  ¦ Thematic Question This textbook emphasizes the divergent orientations represented by individualrights advocates and publicorder advocates. In your opinion, which of the two perspectives would be most likely to favor the use of parole as a sentencing option? Which would favor probation? Why?  ¦ Thematic Question Consider the diverse sentencing goals identified in Chapter 11. Which of the goals identified there are most likely to be met through the use of probation? Which through parole? Why? Ten especially significant U. S. Supreme Court decisions provide the legal framework for probation and parole supervision. Among those cases, that of Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)32 may be the most significant. In Griffin, the Supreme Court ruled that probation officers may conduct searches of a probationer’s residence without either a search warrant or probable cause. According to the Court, â€Å"A probationer’s home, like anyone else’s, is protected by the Fourth Amendment’s requirement that searches be ‘reasonable. ’† However, â€Å" State’s operation of a probation system . . . presents ‘special needs’ beyond normal law enforcement that may justify departures from the usual warrant and probable cause requirements. Probation, the Court concluded, is similar to imprisonment because it is a â€Å"form of criminal sanction imposed upon an offender after a determination of guilt. † Similarly, in the 1998 case of Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott,33 the Court declined to extend the exclusionary rule to apply to sea rches by parole officers, even where such searches yield evidence of parole violations. In the words of the Court, â€Å"he Court has repeatedly declined to extend the rule to proceedings other than criminal trials. . . The social costs of allowing convicted criminals who violate their parole to remain at large are particularly high . . . and are compounded by the fact that parolees . . . are more likely to commit future crimes than are average citizens. † In 2001, the case of U. S. v. Knights34 expanded the search authority normally reserved for probation and parole officers to police officers under certain circumstances. Mark James Knights was a California probationer who had signed a standard state probation form agreeing to waive his constitutional protection against warrantless searches as a condition of his probation. The form did not limit such searches to probation officers but instead required that Knights submit to a search at any time, with or without a search or arrest warrant or reasonable cause, by any probation or law enforcement officer. When Knights came under suspicion of setting a fire that caused $1. 5 million in damages, police officers searched his home without a warrant. The search uncovered evidence that implicated Knights in the arson. A federal district court granted a motion by Knights’ attorneys to suppress the evidence because the search was for police investigatory purposes, rather than for probationary purposes. The Ninth Circuit Court affirmed the lower court’s decision. The U. S. Supreme Court disagreed, however, and held that the warrantless search of Knights’ residence, â€Å"supported by reasonable suspicion and authorized by a probation condition, satisfied the Fourth Amendment . . . as nothing in Knights’ probation condition limits searches to those with a ‘probationary purpose. ’† Other court cases focus on the conduct of parole or probation revocation hearings. Revocation is a common procedure. Annually, about 26% of adults on parole and 25% of those on probation throughout the United States have their conditional release revoked. 35 The supervising officer may request that probation or parole be revoked if a client has violated the conditions of community release or has committed a new crime. The most frequent violations for which revocation occurs are (1) failure to report as required to a probation or parole officer, (2) failure to participate in a stipulated treatment program, and (3) alcohol or drug abuse while under supervision. 6 Revocation hearings may result in an order that a probationer’s suspended sentence be made â€Å"active† or that a parolee return to prison to complete his sentence in confinement. In a 1935 decision (Escoe v. Zerbst 37) that has since been greatly modified, the U. S. Supreme Court held that probation â€Å"comes as an act of grace to one convicted of a crime† and that the revocation of probation without hearing or notic e to the probationer is acceptable practice. In 1967, however, in the case of Mempa v. Rhay,38 the Warren Court changed direction and declared that both notice and a hearing were required. The Court also held that the probationer should have the opportunity for representation by counsel before a deferred prison sentence could be imposed. 39 Two of the most widely cited cases affecting parolees and probationers are Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)40 and Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973). 41 In Morrissey, the Court declared a need for procedural safeguards in revocation hearings involving parolees. After Morrissey, revocation proceedings would require that (1) the parolee be given written notice specifying the alleged violation; (2) evidence of the violation be disclosed; (3) a neutral and detached body constitute the hearing authority; (4) the parolee have the chance to appear and offer a defense, including testimony, documents, and witnesses; (5) the parolee have the right to cross-examine witnesses; and (6) a written statement be provided to the parolee at the conclusion of the hearing that includes the hearing body’s decision, the testimony considered, and reasons for revoking parole, if such occurs. 2 In 1973, the Court extended the procedural safeguards of Morrissey to probationers in Gagnon v. Scarpelli. Citing its own decision a year earlier in Morrissey v. Brewer, the Supreme Court ruled that probationers, because they face a substantial loss of liberty, were entitled to two hearings: (1) a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is â€Å"probable cause to believe that Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections CHAPTER 12 463 he has committed a violation of his parole† and (2) â€Å"a somewhat more comprehensive hearing prior to the making of the final revocation decision. † The Court also ruled that probation revocation hearings were to be held â€Å"under the conditions specified in Morrissey v. Brewer. † In Gagnon and later cases, however, the Court reasserted that probation and parole revocation hearings were not a stage in the criminal prosecution process, but a simple adjunct to it, even though they might result in substantial loss of liberty. The difference is a crucial one, for it permits hearing boards and judicial review officers to function, at least to some degree, outside of the adversarial context of the trial court and with lessened attention to the rights of the criminally accused guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. In 1997, the U. S. Supreme Court extended the rationale found in Morrissey and Gagnon to inmates set free from prison under early-release programs. In a unanimous decision, the Court held that â€Å"an inmate who has been released under a program to relieve prison crowding cannot be reincarcerated without getting a chance to show at a hearing that he has met the conditions of the program and is entitled to remain free. †43 In 1979, the case of Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates44 established that parole boards do not have to specify the evidence used in deciding to deny parole. The Greenholtz case focused on a Nebraska statute that required that inmates denied parole be provided with reasons for the denial. The Court held that reasons for parole denial might be provided in the interest of helping inmates prepare themselves for future review but that to require the disclosure of evidence used in the review hearing would turn the process into an adversarial proceeding. The 1983 Supreme Court case of Bearden v. Georgia45 established that probation could not be revoked for failure to pay a fine and make restitution if it could not be shown that the defendant was responsible for the failure. The Court also held that alternative forms of punishment must be considered by the hearing authority and must be shown to be inadequate before the defendant can be incarcerated. The Supreme Court decision stated that â€Å"f the State determines a fine or restitution to be the appropriate and adequate penalty for the crime, it may not thereafter imprison a person solely because he lacked the resources to pay it. †46 The Court held that if a defendant lacks the capacity to pay a fine or make restitution, then the hearing authority must consider any viable alternatives to incarceration before imposing a prison sentence. Finally, a probationer’s incriminating statements to a probation officer may be used as evidence if the probationer does not specifically claim a right against self-incrimination, according to Minnesota v. Murphy (1984). 47 According to the Court, the burden of invoking the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination lies with the probationer. An important legal issue today surrounds the potential liability of probation officers and parole boards for the criminal actions of offenders they supervise or whom they have released. Some courts have held that officers are generally immune from suit because they are performing a judicial function on behalf of the state. 48 Other courts, however, have indicated that parole board members who do not carefully consider mandated criteria for judging parole eligibility could be liable for injurious actions committed by parolees. 49 In general, however, most experts agree that WHAT WOULD YOU DO? The CD-ROM scenario for Chapter 12 is built around a real-life case that involved a warrantless search of a parolee’s place of residence by parole officers. Firearms were found at the parolee’s home, and he was arrested, based in part on that evidence. Work through the scenario using the CD-ROM found in your textbook to learn more about warrantless searches by probation and parole officers.  ¦ Thematic Question Is it appropriate for an offender to be given certain procedural considerations in probation or parole hearings that must nevertheless stop short of introducing an adversarial element into the proceedings? Explain. Thematic Question What competing needs and rights must parole boards weigh? Whose rights or needs should be given the greatest consideration?  ¦ ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Angel Coronado, 20, rushing through the door of the Huntsville (Texas) Prison Unit after being released due to overcrowding. Coronado, who has been in trouble nearly half his life, had spent nearly two years in a 6- by 10-foot cell by himself. The U. S. Supreme Court has held that â€Å"an inmate who has been released under a program to relieve prison crowding cannot be reincarcerated without getting a chance to show at a hearing that he has met the conditions and is entitled to remain free. Todd Bigelow Photography Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 464 PA R T 4 Corrections A probation officer’s job can involve a wide variety of duties. Here, Georgia probation officers prepare to excavate a site at the Tri-State Crematory in Noble, Geo rgia, in 2002. Officials found the remains of hundreds of corpses on the crematory’s 16-acre grounds. The crematory’s operator, Ray Brent Marsh, was charged with 787 felony counts that include theft by deception, abuse of a corpse, and burial service fraud. He was also charged with 47 counts of making false statements to authorities. AP Wide World Photos A critical assessment of probation must begin by placing its ailments within the more encompassing and deeper crisis of legitimacy affecting the entire system of justice. —Reinventing Probation Council  ¦ parole board members cannot be successfully sued unless release decisions are made in a grossly negligent or wantonly reckless manner. 0 Discretionary decisions of individual probation and parole officers that result in harm to members of the public, however, may be more actionable under civil law, especially where their decisions were not reviewed by judicial authority. 51 The Job of Probation and Parole Officers The tasks performed by probation and parole officers are often quite similar. Some jurisdictions combine the roles of both into one job. This section describes the duties of probation and parole officers, whether separate or performed by the same individuals. Probation/parole work consists primarily of four functions: (1) presentence investigations, (2) other intake procedures, (3) needs assessment and diagnosis, and (4) client supervision. Where probation is a possibility, intake procedures may include a presentence investigation, which examines the offender’s background to provide the sentencing judge with facts needed to make an informed sentencing decision. Intake procedures may also involve a dispute-settlement process during which the probation o

The Alamo Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Alamo Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; To the people of Texas and all Americans in the World: I shall neer give up or withdraw # 8230 ; I Am determined to prolong myself every bit long as possible and die like a soldier who neer forgets what it is due to his award and that of his country-VICTORY OR DEATH. # 8221 ; This was a missive sent by William Barret Travis during the besieging of the Alamo on February 24, 1836. It was a call for aid to anybody and everybody willing to listen. It all started in 1830 with Stephen Austin, a leader of American innovators in the natural state, populating in Texas, under the regulation of the Mexican authorities, who had solved two major jobs that the colonists had with the authorities. The settler were now allowed to maintain slaves in Texas, even though no other countries under Mexican regulation owned slaves and the second was the authorities made certain that Texans would be protected by the Mexican authorities from suits to roll up debts that they had contracted in the United States before their in-migration to Texas. We will write a custom essay sample on The Alamo Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All over the South were marks on belly-up places places stating # 8220 ; Gone to Texas # 8221 ; were they did non hold to pay off their debts ( Downey 42 ) . Austin and his followings were really hot tempered and ready to get down up with any authorities that they disliked. They shortly found a opportunity to stir up problem under the mutable Mexican regulation. Mexican governments began to worry that excessively many Americans were coming into their state. About 30 1000 colonists came to Texas in a 10 twelvemonth span after Austin had established his colony. The Mexican authorities under the goad of President Bustamante made rough Torahs against reaching of new immigrants into Texas in 1830. Trade was besides restricted with America. All boundary lines were closed to fledglings but the Louisiana boundary line could non be patrolled and colonists continued to get in Texas. American colonists were put into gaol for the commotion they caused due to these new Torahs, among them was Stephen Austin. On July 1833 Austin traveled to Mexico City to plead the cause of the settlers. The settlers wanted to obtain full Mexican statehood and have entire control over themselves. Mexican functionaries would non listen to the Texans. On his manner place Austin was arrested for lese majesty on January 3, 1834. The authorities had intercepted a missive from Austin that said that if his entreaty had failed the Texans should set up themselves as a separate province of Mexico. He was jailed for 18 months. The Texans protested and soldiers were sent to command the rabble. After the release of Austin on September 1, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna had been elected President of Mexico. In the autumn of 1835 Santa Anna had sent more military personnels, under the leading of his brother in jurisprudence General Martin Cos, to Texas in order to implement the in-migration Torahs. Austin and some soldiers had surrounded colonies in Mexican district and were considered by the authorities to be Rebels. Mexico had no pick but to try to utilize military forces. Thirty thousand Texans were willing to contend against a state of seven million. They did non have any authorities assistance from the United States but sympathetic Southern provinces in secret sent military personnels. The war began with conflict of # 8220 ; the Lexington of the Texas revolution # 8221 ; ( Downey 46 ) taken topographic point on October 2, 1835. This small conflict consisted of one 100 Mexican military personnels sent to Gonzales, a town E of San Antonio, to order the colonists to give up their lone cannon. The soldiers said # 8220 ; come and take it # 8221 ; ( Fisher 26 ) and finally they killed one Mexican soldier. The war had begun. More and more Texans answered the call to weaponries such as Ben Milan a soldier of the War of 1812, James Bowie who was know for his knife, Sam Houston and Stalwart Davy Crockett both former soldiers and congresswomans. And the name that would take them all Wiiliam Barret Travis. October 9, 1835 Ben Milan led an onslaught at Goliad. The Mexicans were surprised and surrendered to the innovators who ended up with legion arms and 10 thousand dollars. Subsequently that month Austin sent military personnels under Bowie to San Antonio. While bivouacing they were attacked by Mexican military personnels. The Texan solders dominated this battle coming out with merely one human death. They could hold gone on to capture San Antonio but Austin said that they needed to reorganise themselves. The besieging continued on for an extra six hebdomads. During this clip the Texans gathered outside the metropolis of Bejar and fifty seven Texans signed a Declaration of Causes explicating why they were now traveling to war for their independency. The word came on November 7, 1835 Whereas, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, and other military captains, have by force of weaponries overthrown the federal establishments of Mexico, and dissolved the societal compact which existed between Texas and other members of the Mexican Confederacy ; now the good people of Texas, availing themselves of their natural rights, Solemnly declare: That they have taken up weaponries in defence of their rights and autonomies, which were threatened by the invasions of military tyrants, and in defence of the republican rules of the federal fundamental law of Mexico, 1824. That Texas is no longer morally or civilly bound by the compact of brotherhood ; yet, stimulated by the generousness and sympathy common to a free people, they offer their support and aid to such members of the Mexican Confederacy as will take up weaponries against military absolutism. That they hold it to be their right during the disorganisation of the federal system, and the reign of absolutism to retreat from the brotherhood, and to set up an independent authorities # 8230 ; ( Fisher 28 ) . Finally after one hundred and 50 soldiers were wounded General Cos and his military personnels surrendered to the Texans and among the things acquired by the Texans was the Alamo. This edifice was originally used as a Catholic missional built by Padre Olivares in 1718. It consisted of a monastery and church that were enclosed by high walls. The original name was San Antonio de Valero. It was subsequently called the Alamo due to the cottonwood trees environing the mission. But this triumph was a really dearly-won one. While the besieging was traveling on about ten thousand more colonists assembled outside the metropolis. The one job was that these soldiers were acquiring bored and had nil to make. Many started to return place either out of ennui or belief that the war was over. Merely one hundred and 50 work forces were left to confront the winter under the leading of Sam Houston. The soldiers assumed that the Mexicans who now were driven South were really improbable to return for the continuance of the winter months. Sam Houston ordered a concentration of on the theory that the Mexicans would return. He recommended the devastation and forsaking of San Antonio. For this cautious reding Houston was deposed from bid. Thus lieutenant Colonel William Barret Travis a 20 seven twelvemonth old attorney from Edgefield, South Carolina was now in bid with James Bowie. Santa Anna was infuriated by his brother in Torahs loss and took bid of about four 1000 soldiers. They at San Antonio arrived on the afternoon of February 23, 1836. Travis instantly ordered the town to be abandoned and the Alamo occupied. Travis, Bowie and the soldiers packed into the Alamo waiting for Santa Anna. Captain Almaron Dickenson, his married woman and babe besides proceeded into the garrison. Travis sent out messengers with entreaties for aid. It dated February 24,1836. It said: To the people of Texas and all Americans in the universe, Fellow citizens and compatriots, I am besieged by a 1000 or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna # 8211 ; I have sustained a continual barrage and drumfire for 20 four hours and have non lost a adult male. The enemy has demanded a resignation at discretion, otherwise the Garrison are to be put to the torch, if the garrison is taken. I have answered the demand with a cannon shooting, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall neer give up or withdraw. Then, I call on you in the name of autonomy, of nationalism and everything beloved to the American character, to come to our assistance with all dispatch- the enemy is having supports day-to-day and will no uncertainty addition to three or four 1000 in four or five yearss. If this call is neglected, I am determined to prolong myself every bit long as possible and die like a soldier who neer forgets what is due to his ain award and that of his state. The missive was signed in Victory or decease ( Fisher 7 ) . The twenty-four hours after the conflict had commenced Bowie was deathly ill with pneumonia and had to be carried everyplace on a stretcher. He surrendered his leading entirely to Travis. Besides Bowie cipher had been injured merely yet. A hebdomad subsequently after having Travis # 8217 ; supplication for aid 30 two soldiers from Gonzales would steal through the Mexican lines geting safely to the Alamo. Four hundred work forces besides attempted relive the Mexicans but they had equipment problem on the manner. That was all. Santa Anna continually bombed and fired at the Alamo and the Alamo fired back until the fort was highly low on ammo. On March 2, 1836 delegates from all 50 nine towns in Texas declared independency and signed a Declaration of Independence organizing a probationary authorities whereas David Burnet was the President. But the people at the Alamo had no thought that independency had been declared and continued contending. Travis knew that they were being destroyed and the following twenty-four hours he called for a battle to the decease. He took his blade and drew a line in the soil and said whomever wants to contend to the decease should step over, everybody did. To the decease they fought. Massacred by the Mexican ground forces merely four subsisters remained. Mrs. Dickenson, her kid and two male slaves. Cipher else was spared. From that point on the Texans used the conflict call # 8221 ; Remember the Alamo! # 8221 ; ( Downey 57 ) . A brief description was given by the city manager of Bejar Antonio Ruiz of the scene after the conflict: # 8221 ; On the North battery of the fortress lay the lifeless organic structure of Colonel Travis on the gun passenger car, shooting merely in the brow. Toward the West, and in a little garrison opposite the metropolis, we found the organic structure of Colonel Crockett. Colonel Bowie was found dead in his bed, in one of the suites of the south side # 8230 ; . # 8221 ; ( Fisher 41 ) . The loss at the Alamo sent a terror through Texas. Highly angry Houston gathered an ground forces together and six hebdomads subsequently began to seek for Santa Anna and his ground forces. Houston marched his work forces toward Anna shouting # 8221 ; Remember the Alamo! # 8221 ; ( Downey 57 ) . With that call they defeated Anna at San Jacinto capturing Anna and coercing him to subscribe a pact allowing independency to the Texas democracy. The quotation mark said by Travis was a really of import one. While the Alamo was on the brink of devastation this call for aid was sent to anybody willing to assist them. Nothing that would hold helped Travis win the war arrived on clip. But due to the fact that he said they would contend to the decease and really fought to the decease created a strong bond between the remainder of Texas. The Texans attacked the Mexicans with all their might bear downing at the enemy shouting # 8221 ; Remember the Alamo # 8221 ; ( Doweny 57 ) . Their inducement in winning was the one hundred and 80 deceases at the Alamo. This interior strength that they obtained from the licking at the Alamo helped the others defeat the Mexicans and eventually win their freedom from the yolk of the Mexican authorities and finally being accepted as the 20 8th province in the United States of America. But the credence would non come easy. They had jobs being accepted due to the fact that the ownership of slaves was considered all right in Texas but the North did non desire to accept more slave provinces. Finally on February 19, 1846 they were accepted as a province. I truly enjoined larning about the Alamo. I neer truly cognize what it was before this and was ever inquiring why it was such an of import event in Texan history. The one thing that confuses me is why the State of Texas would take a war that they were wholly destroyed in as an event that is considered greater than most other events throughout Texan history. But for one thing I truly admire Travis and his followings for contending to the decease like heros in order to set up freedom and their rights they believed that in all truth deserved.

AsianAmericans and concentration camps in WWII essays

AsianAmericans and concentration camps in WWII essays In the early 1940s, there was evidence of Japanese-American loyalty and innocence, but the information was not always well known. This, coupled with the factors of war hysteria led to the legal upholding of concentration camps in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944). The injustice was clouded, most immediately by the war, and indirectly by racism at home. The sneak attack on Pearl Harbor left a permanent indent on the way Americans viewed the Japanese. Indeed, it was this one act which thrust the isolationist U.S. into the middle of the worlds biggest war. The brutal attack, so close to home, was viewed as sneaky and underhanded. This, added to the fact that the Japanese were rumored to have an amazingly effective spy system on Hawaii and the West Coast, led the Japanese-Americans to become highly suspected individuals. They were even a more immediate threat than communists, since they required an eventual takeover, and Germans, since they were preoccupied by numerous enemies. In addition, the Japanese-Americans were concentrated on the Western Coast and could thus organize better. There is also the chasm of culture; ignorance is the key to racism, and the average American knew very little of the lifestyle and customs of the Far East. This led to more suspicion. There were also facts going against the Japanese-Americans. According to the Munson Report, 98% of Japanese-Americans were loyal to the U.S. This is an impressive number; however, in times of war, 2% sabotaging on mainland America was a major threat. A more startling fact that tarnished the Japanese-American reputation was the fact that Japan was rumored to have an extremely effective spy system on the West Coast. There were even some conspiracy theorists that rationalized that the sneaky Japanese were merely waiting for the right time to strike, as they did at Pearl Harbor. The people were scared of the Japanese, and in a democracy, the people have a voice...

7 Things You Should Do in Your 20s to Become a Millionaire by 30

7 Things You Should Do in Your 20s to Become a Millionaire by 30 We all wish we could be rich. But if you’re young and smart and driven enough, you could be! In some cases, it is possible. Particularly if you’re able to make tough choices and choose to save where others choose to spend. Regardless,  one of the most important things you should be doing is managing your money responsibly. If done so correctly, you may very well become a millionaire by 30. That being said, here are 7 steps towards making your millionaire dreams come true. Start following them now before you hit the big Three-Oh.1. Write your planNo amount of desire is going to put the wealth in your account. You’ll need to actually come up with a feasible plan and put it on actual paper. Calculate exactly what you’d need to earn- and invest- to reach your goal. Then plan the options on how you’ll do it, whether that means focusing on a Roth IRA or a 401k, etc.2. SAVEYou can’t get there without this step. Period. Start saving immediately- fi rst an emergency fund, and then a high interest yielding account for everything you accumulate on top of that. Make a point of putting away half of every raise or tax refund, for example. And then don’t touch it unless an emergency occurs.3. Live cheaplyYou don’t need to be in poverty to live beneath your means. Just say no to high profile purchases that will crack open your budget- like expensive cars, extravagant houses, even expensive designer clothing and accessories. Live modestly, save decadently.4. Ease off on the credit cardsDon’t accumulate too many credit cards- one or two will do. And don’t put anything on your cards that you can’t pay off within three months. And if you can’t eat it- or wear it- don’t charge it. Keep your cash flow for investments.5. Put your money to workBuild a diverse portfolio with a mutual fund company that offers no-load funds and low expense ratios. You could be earning 8-10% interest on your money! 6. Start a businessA sizeable majority of millionaires are self-employed. Channel your entrepreneurial spirit and come up with a business plan to create wealth- and not just for yourself.7. Ask for helpFind yourself a good financial planner and make sure your investments are sound and working for you, not against you. If you build a good working relationship with someone you trust, you can really help your money grow.Remember, work smart not hard. It takes money to make money. But it’s never too late to start putting yours to work for you.

Evaluation of producer strategies (Spartan Energy Corp) Assignment

Evaluation of producer strategies (Spartan Energy Corp) - Assignment Example During 2014 second quarter, the company average production stood at 6,396 boe/d which consisted of 93% oil and liquids. The production costs reduced to $ 18.23 per boe while the administrative expenses reduced to $3.11 per boe. During the same period, the company attained $24.4 million as funds from operations. During the first six months that ended in June 30, 2014, Spartan net income stood at $16,357 million. As a company that takes into consideration the interest of the stakeholders, Spartan Energy Corp has adopted the culture of using modern technology in its production facilities. For example, through the use of 3-D seismic coverage, the company is in a position to identify areas with oil and other minerals. Additionally, the company has invested in modern drilling equipments that make it to improve its operations. Through the extensive research and innovation by the company, it is targeting to achieve 15,000 boe/d in the next 24 months. As a company that deals with oil, Spartan is exposed to various risks. For example, wet weather in southeast Saskatchewan has negatively affected drilling process in that region. As a result, the company has experienced delays in drilling. To deal with the risk of weather, the company first stops to drill in such areas until it is deemed fit to drill again. In addition, the company has established wells in more areas so as to ensure its operations are not affected once wet weather is experienced in some regions. Spartan Energy Corp is concerned with various government policies. For instance, the company provides audited financial statements to its shareholders. In addition, the company has a culture of conserving the environment during its activities. In this way, it acts in line with the government environmental conservation laws. The company adopts a whistle blowing policy that ensures that accounting frauds are detected as outlined

Modern Art History Assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Art History Assignments - Assignment Example The paper "Modern Art History Assignments" investigates the history of modern art and discovers what is bad and good art. A good art is an art that be interpreted easily with a theme or subject matter. It should be educative or resembling some deep hidden factors while appearing simple. A good art balances the environment and the pictorial. A good art should have a purpose. A bad art is an art without a theme objective and purpose. It lacks balance and creates mixed reaction leading to confusion. The painting shows Brutus wife and children very emotional crying and wailing over the ruling Brutus has made against his own sons to bring about revolution in his empire. Brutus appears to be calm but pictured to be in deep thoughts not even able to look back and see his own sons punished for committing treason. The pictorial paintings of the building, statues and mode of dressing signify the Roman Empire. The name Brutus in itself also signifies the brutality going on in the picture. Light and shadow are pictured are well illuminated in the picture with a good sharp contrast. Drama depicts this single painting as observed in the picture. At the back Brutus son is carried away for punishment while at the center of the image Brutus is shown seated and calm while at the very left the wife and children are crying and wailing. Realist art in the 19th century includes paintings and pictures that attempts to show the stratus of the lower, middle and upper class in addition to culture, customs, beliefs and mores of the people.

Simon says Essay Example for Free

Simon says Essay Need some ideas to entertain the kids? Whats in the bag? is a great game to play on a rainy day or even at the kids birthday parties! You can make it suitable for whatever age group you are entertaining, which is one of the reasons this game is a perfect game for any time of year! Number of players: 1 to lots What you need: non-transparent bag lots of household objects Activity: A great guessing game that you can make entirely age appropriate. Put a few things in the bag from around the house like paperclips, a coin, a lime, a toy car, a dog biscuit, a rock, etc. Let your child reach into the bag and choose an object. Encourage them to feel it, roll it in their hands and imagine what it might be. Ask them to guess before pulling it out. For older children, make the objects less defined by their shape. Hide and Seek No list of indoor games would be complete without Hide and Seek, now would it? In this classic game, one person (â€Å"It†) covers his or her eyes and counts aloud while the other players hide. When â€Å"It† is finished counting, he or she begins looking for the hiders. The last hider to be found is the next â€Å"It. † Warning: this game is often a source of giggle fits. Families with older children might want to take things up a notch and play Hide and Seek in the dark. Just to be safe, make sure there are no loose items on the floor. If you want, allow â€Å"It† to carry a flashlight or turn the lights on once â€Å"It† finishes counting. Treasure hunt Kids love finding hidden objects — especially when there’s a prize at the end. Simply write your clues on some slips of paper — get creative. Place the first clue somewhere easy to find, like inside your child’s snack or cereal bowl. Then leave as many clues as you like around the house, making a trail to the final clue. Instead of a prize, the treasure hunt can lead to various coins around the house. This way the kids get to collect all the coins and put them in their piggy banks in the end. Picnic memory game Former preschool director and grandmother of three, Marsha Colla, has some innovative games up her sleeve, including this fun and simple verbal memory game, which, Colla says, â€Å"challenges the children and makes them giggle. † To play, everyone sits in a circle. The first player says, â€Å"In my basket for the picnic, I packed†¦,† and then says what item he or she packed. The next player then says, â€Å"In my basket for the picnic, I packed†¦,† and then recites what the first player packed and adds his or her own item to the basket, and so forth. Simon Says This traditional favourite will never get old. To start, choose one player (probably a parent for the first round) to be Simon. The rest of the players will gather in a circle or line in front of Simon as he calls out actions starting with the phrase â€Å"Simon says†: â€Å"Simon says†¦touch your toes. † The players then have to copy Simon’s action, touching their toes. If Simon calls out an action without uttering the phrase â€Å"Simon says,† the kids must not do the action. If a child touches his toes when Simon didn’t say†¦, he or she is out of the game. There are lots of great ways Simon can trick players into doing actions when Simon didn’t say: Simon can perform an action without uttering a command, for example, or he can perform an action that doesn’t correspond with the command. Fun! The last player left in the game wins and becomes the next Simon. Touch-and-feel box Most preschoolers flock to the classroom sensory table as soon as the teachers pull it out. So there is little doubt they will love this entertaining challenge. Find a shoe box or any box that has a lid on it. Cut a hole in one of the sides of the box —large enough for your child to fit her hand in. If you want, get creative and decorate the box with glitter and question marks. When you’re ready to play, put an item inside the box and have your children guess what it is. They can ask questions about the item if they need to, or you can offer clues. Get as ooey-gooey as you wish (fresh pumpkin seeds or slimy spaghetti are great choices for Halloween), or use such simple objects as a brush, a toy, a piece of fruit. To make it competitive, you can give a point to the first child to name the object. What creature am I? game This is a fun kids party game that will have your little ones laughing as they are challenged to solve the riddle of what animal they have been given. Its a great learning game too as kids find out all about the different animals, large and small, that live in our wonderful world. Number of players: 2+ What you need: Old nature magazines or newspapers with animal pictures Scissors Glue Cardboard Safety pins Activity: Cut pictures of various animals out of the magazines or newspaper. Glue the pictures to a piece of cardboard to make them sturdier like playing cards. Punch a hole in the centre top of the card and use a safety pin to attach a card to the back of each childs shirt or dress. Give the kids some starter questions to ask each other to get clues as to the animal on their outfit. Enjoy as they learn about animals of all types. Animal cards Inspire their imaginations with a fun game of animal cards. This easy kids activity is a great year-round art and craft project and will let your kids imaginations take flight as they create and invent new and amazing creatures! Number of players: 2+ What you need: index cards crayons or markers Activity: Start by placing the index cards horizontally on a table with the blank side up do two rows with one row stacked directly on top of the other. Encourage your child to draw a head on the top card and a matching body and legs and feet on the bottom card. Let them create as many as they can think of. A number of games can be played with the completed batch of cards. Let your child mix the heads and bodies of the different animals to create hilarious creatures. Or, turn them over and play a game of match each player gets to choose two cards and if they match, they are a pair and count as one match. This is repeated while the players get more familiar with what is on the underside of each card and more and more pairs are matched. The one with the most matches wins! Doggy, doggy wheres your bone? Doggy, doggy, wheres your bone is a fun kids party game that will engage and entertain kids of all ages. You can play indoors or outdoors, as a family or with friends. This kids activity is a winner every time. Number of players: 4+ What you need: simple object, for example a paperclip or coin chair blindfold (optional) Activity: One child is chosen to be IT and plays the role of the dog. He or she sits in a chair with their back to the group. A paperclip or coin is placed under the chair. This is the bone. While the dog is turned backward with his or her eyes closed (blindfold is optional) someone quietly steals the bone and hides it usually they just sit on it or hide it in their cupped hands. Then everyone sings: Doggy, doggy, wheres your bone? Somebody stole it from your home. Then the dog has three chances to guess who took it. If the dog guesses right, then he gets to do it again. If he guesses wrong, than the person who had the bone gets a turn as the dog. Usually, all of the children will try to look guilty by sheltering their laps or holding their hands together as if they have the bone. Hot potato Hot potato is a party game guaranteed to get the kids and grown-ups laughing. Play with the whole family or leave it to the kids as they discover the fun and excitement of racing the music to pass the potato! Number of players: 5+ What you need: music small beanbag or stuffed sock Activity: Arrange the children sitting in a circle. Pass a beanbag around the circle to music, pretending that the beanbag is a very, very, very hot potato. When the music stops, the person holding the beanbag is out. The music starts again and the remaining children continue passing the hot potato until the music stops. The last person in the circle is the winner. Scavenger hunt This is a great party game that all children will love as they can play it outdoors or indoors. There is lots of searching and finding involved! What you need: items to hide make sure there is as many as one item as there are kids. So, ten kids, ten buttons. paper bag pen Activity: Give each player a list of objects to find and collect within a determined length of time. Write the list on a paper bag, which can then be used for collecting the items. The list can be made up of items like a piece of string, a flower, a leaf, a stone etc. The first to collect all items on the list is the winner. Sleeping lions Sleeping lions is a great birthday party game and kids activity to help them wind down after an exciting day. Your children will learn to be still and calm down in the process. Definitely a favourite end-of-day party activity essential! Number of players: 5+ Activity: Have all of the children (except one or two hunters) lie down on the floor in sleeping positions. Once they are settled, they are not allowed to move you might use the language freeze so they fully understand the object of the game. The hunters walk through the room and try to make the sleeping lions move by making them laugh, telling them jokes, and so on. However, the hunters are not allowed to touch the lions. Once any lion moves they are tapped and get up and join the hunters. The last child still on the floor wins! Statues Kids love to dance like crazy but when the music stops they have to freeze into statues! See who laughs or giggles first as there will be plenty of smiling children playing this classic kids birthday party game. Number of players: 3+ What you need: music Activity: Have the children spread out in a room or on the patio. Start the music and the children can go nuts dancing and being silly. Stop the music and all of the children must freeze in whatever position they are in. Watch the children for any movement the first person to move goes out. Then restart the music and repeat until only one person is left the winner! Bean bag throw This is a fun activity is suitable for kids of all ages that is perfect for birthday parties as well as a backyard game. What you need: Small bean bags (or make your own using socks, dried beans and rubber bands) Activity: Purchase bean bags suitable for tossing, or create your own with dried beans, socks and rubber bands. Draw a pony or a heart on the side of a cardboard box (or print and cut out one of the pictures from our online Colouring Book. Cut a hole in the box, large enough for the bean bags to be thrown through easily. Place the box about ten feet away and give each child several chances to toss the bean bags through the hole. Alternately, you can place images of ponies directly on the floor and try to land the bean bags on the ponies. Fingers out Never worry about the kids getting bored in the car again. Simply have them play Fingers out and they will be kept busy with this fun guessing game. Number of players: 2+ Activity: Have the kids face each other and put out one hand each. One the count of three, the children should extend between one and three fingers. The kids will shout out a the number of fingers they think they and the other player will show. It will be a number between one and six. Once the fingers have been revealed, add them up and whichever child has guessed the number correctly scores two points. The closest guess scores one point. Follow the leader Discover the natural born leaders at the party with this simple game that everyone can play. With actions to suit every age group, this classic party game is sure to please. Number of players: 4+ What you need: a group of children Optional: an obstacle course Activity: Line children up and designate one leader who they are to follow around. To begin with, you may want an adult to lead so kids get the idea. Its up to the leader to decide the actions or paths the children take. Begin with simple actions like: hand on heads star jumps sit down stand up If an obstacle course is available, take the kids on a journey. The children can climb over, under or around things makes for even greater excitement. Change leaders and give every child a go at leading the others.

Lymphoma: What To Expect :: essays research papers fc

On December 16, my life changed forever. I was in my third semester of college and had just finished my last final exam. Having studied all night, I headed to the university game room to shoot some pool and relax. After a few games I felt painful spasms in my neck and shoulder. At first I thought it was a â€Å"pinched† nerve, and I tried to ignore it, but the pain just got worse. I wanted to go home, but I had promised my girlfriend we would meet. As I walked to her building the pain shifted to my chest and I grew short of breath. I remember sitting out on the steps, waiting, and thinking, â€Å"What the hell is going on?† Never had I experienced such fear. I thought I would die. Shari and I had been dating for only a month, and I did not want to alarm her. So when she appeared, I said nothing. She, her girlfriend, and I walked over to the cafeteria for lunch. I sat there quietly wearing my best poker face. No one suspected anything. After lunch, the girls left to go t o their next exam and I went home. Looking back, I should have asked for help, but I did not. It took me over forty minutes to walk to my car. With each step, the pain was more crippling. I felt like an elderly man inching along with a walker. Foolishly, I drove myself home. I was nineteen years old, but never in my life did I need my mother more. When I walked in the door my younger brothers and sister were there, but mom wasn’t. I collapsed on the couch, but before I could explain mom arrived home. She could hear the desperation in my voice as I told her, â€Å"Mom, I have to go to the hospital, something is wrong!† and explained what was happening. She rushed me to the Emergency Room where we waited in the lobby for hours. The nurses had already performed their initial assessment. They thought maybe I had a chest cold or perhaps sprained the muscles in my sternum. They wanted to take an x-ray, but I had to wait. Mom was worried about my brothers and sister being alo ne. My stepfather had met us at the hospital, so he stayed with me while she went home to care for them.

Project Management Life Cycle Essay

Four Steps of Project Management Life Cycle Project Management Life Cycle is a separation for a project. According to Ms. Cui’s research, managers can separate a whole project to some steps and connect those steps with project operation; the sum of all those steps are project management life cycle (Cui, 2011). There are four components in project management life cycle, which are time requirement, project stages, project task and project result. Generally, because the unpredictability of project, project management life cycle often uses time dimension to control and evaluate the project (Cui, 2011). There are many ways to separate project life cycle into steps. Project Management Institute in United States (PMI) separates the project life cycle into three steps: beginning stage, medium stage and final stage (Cui, 2011). Chinese Project Management Body of Knowledge (C-PMBOK) separates the project life cycle into four steps: Conception Phase, Development Phase, Implementation Phase and Final Phase. Though those two standards have some differences, both of them separate a project into many steps in order to survey and control the operation of project. In my opinion, the standard of C-PMBOK is better than the standard of PMI. C-PMBOK’s standard is not only based on time dimension but also based on activity dimension. C-PMBOK demonstrates the important aim for each stage. However, the standard of PMI is only based on time dimension and fails to demonstrate aims of stages. (1) Conception Phase In this step, the project practitioner should try his or her best to clarify the core mission, the clients’ demand, the aim and the definition of his or her project. In business, project practitioners may send a Request for Proposal (RFP) to customers. According to the feedback of RFP, project practitioner will make a basic concept for his or her project. Feasibility report and project design are two necessary documents in this step. (2) Development Phase In this step, project practitioner should make the detail plan for the whole project and discuss this plan with customers. This step is the last step before the project will be put into practice. Not only a plan, a scheduling duration should be set up for next stage. In addition, project practitioner should organize the team and arrange works. (3) Implementation Phase In this step, the project is implemented. Project team should works as the project plan and ensure all phased aims achieved. (4) Final Phase After Implementation Phase, the work of the project is finished. However, finishing all works does not means that the whole project finishes. In this step, some important work still should be done. For example, in trading business project, project practitioner should check out whether the goods are delivered to correct client and whether all invoices are paid in time. In addition, the feedback from clients and the lesson learned are both should be done in this step. People should understand that those steps above are a general method to separate the project life cycle. Both standards of C-PMBOK and PMI are guides rather than practical ways. In different industries, most of managers will use those ways to separate manage their projects. However, according to the different characters of industries, managers separate their project based on their different needs. For Instance, in urban construction industry, Morris Model is widely used in project management life cycle (Dong & Wang, 2010). Morris Model separates the project life cycle into four steps, which is same as general method. However, steps in Morris Model demonstrate the characters of urban construction industry: Feasibility step, urban planning and designing, building step and putting into use step (Dong & Wang, 2010). The Ways to Evaluate and Control the Project To ensure the project operating well and on time, the ways to evaluate and control are important. In current project management life cycle theory, three concepts are introduced to managers, which are used to evaluate the project operation. (1) Checkpoint Checkpoint is a specific time point. Managers will set up many checkpoints in each steps of project life cycle. Every checkpoint will have a specific time span with another one. Manager will compare the situation of project operation with project plan to check whether or not the project is on track. For example, when China Merchants Bank designed their new system, the manager of IT department set a checkpoint every two week to evaluate whether this employees finished their work as project plan that is 1000 lines computer programs per week. (2) Milestone Milestone is a specific time point, too. However, different with checkpoint, the project will be evaluated not only whether the time schedule is okay but also whether the quality and goal requirements are achieved on milestone. Milestone will be set after a stage work finish. In a step of project life cycle, there will be many checkpoints but only few milestones. (3) Baseline Baseline is a kind of special milestone. The stage work before a baseline will be the basis of the stage work after this baseline. For example, when airplane company designs a new plane, engine design and tuning will be a stage work followed by a baseline because of three reasons. First, the engine design and tuning should be finish in time because the fly test cannot be done without engine. Second, the quality of engine design and tune is the core element of the safety of test. Third, the engine design will be one of basics of next stage work – plane tuning. When manager set checkpoint, milestone and baseline, they need to consider carefully. If the time spans between them are too short, the evaluation will be meaningless. However, if time spans are too long, mistakes will accumulate too many and serious to be fixed and rescued. Managers should try to ensure the project is operating as schedule. If missing the checkpoint, milestone or baseline, managers need to fix their plan to chase the time expected schedule, or the project might be delay or failed on quality. Reference Gray, C. F., & Larson, E. W. (2000). Project Management: The Managerial Process. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, c2000. Project Life Cycle. (2010). Retrieved from http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F Dong, W., & Wang, J. (2010). The Project Management Life Cycle of Urban Construction Based on Parallel Engineering. Urban Construction. 4(69). 161-162. Retrieved from http://doc.mbalib.com/view/72774efdf93f3360debc6fa5f66edfd8.html Miao, Z. (2012). The Management of Core Stage of PDM Project Life Cycle. E-Work. Retrieved from http://doc.mbalib.com/view/d1b58b855dd0dc9998b3ee7d4899a771.html Cui, L. (2011). The Optimization Research of Project Management of â€Å"Graduate Student Research Project†. Journal of Guangxi University. Retrieved from http://doc.mbalib.com/view/c6c150395dca43e5a5755d199261d8b5.html